试析青少年犯罪的社区预防

近年来,青少年犯罪成为一个严重的社会问题。为了从根本上遏制青少年犯罪,我们必须利用社会的力量,形成职责明确、协同配合、齐抓共管的工作网络,切实做好青少年违法犯罪的预防工作。社区是城市管理体制的基础,是青少年学习、生活、娱乐和就业的重要场所。社区对青少年的成长,有着深刻的影响。立足社区,可以把闲散青少年、流动青少年和问题家庭青少年等群体有针对性的管理起来,强化预防青少年违法犯罪工作的力度,同时把学校教育、家庭教育和社会预防工作整合起来,形成预防青少年违法犯罪工作的社会联运机制。     

Deconstructing “Force and Fraud”: An Empirical Assessment of the Generality of Crime

Gottfredson and Hirschi (A General Theory of Crime, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1990) have proposed a general theory of crime to explain a set of behaviors they refer to as acts of force and fraud. Central to their theory is the claim that force and fraud are both manifestations of the individual's unrestrained pursuit of short-term gratification. At the same time, research from numerous disciplines suggests that the correlates of violence differ somewhat from those of property crime. The present study therefore uses data from the National Youth Survey to explore whether force and fraud can legitimately be viewed as manifestations of a single underlying construct among American adolescents. Overall, findings from confirmatory factor analyses suggest that they cannot. Rather, they suggest that multi-factor models of force and fraud improve significantly upon the fit of single-factor models and that force and fraud may therefore reflect overlapping, but empirically distinct, constructs.     

对青少年罪犯在改造中“反复”现象的探析

"反复"现象的产生,源于罪犯新旧动机体系的斗争.当错误动机占据优势时,就不可避免地重犯新错,出现"反复".青少年罪犯在改造中出现的"反复"多是由情感、意志动摇引起的,是前进中的"反复".监狱人民警察要多从积极方面看待"反复",对出现"反复"的青少年罪犯,教育改造工作一定要耐心细致,要靠良好行为的强化训练压缩"反复"生存的空间.     

福建省违法犯罪青少年的个性特征研究

为探讨青少年违法犯罪与个性的关系,采用艾森克个性问卷对621名13－19岁违法犯罪青少年和1371名相应年龄在校学生按不同年龄段和性别进行对照研究,发现16－19岁男性违法犯罪青少年外向性（E）、精神质（P）评分显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）,13－15岁男性违法犯罪少年精神质（P）、神经质（N）评分显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）,16－19岁女性违法犯罪青少年神经质（N）评分低于对照组（P＜0．05）,不同违法犯罪类型之间各个维度无统计学差异,表明外向性、精神质和神经质与男性青少年违法犯罪相关,倾稳性可能与女性青少年违法犯罪有关。     

Juvenile Delinquency in Central European Cities: A Comparison of Registration and Processing Structures in the 1990s

The authors trace and compare the developments in recorded juvenile delinquency in Hamburg, Prague, Cracow and Budapest from 1991-1997 and then analyse the processing and selection procedures of the various justice systems. They devote special attention to ethnic minorities within this filtering process. The most salient feature is that the crime rates and processing structures in the former socialist countries display considerable similarities. It would almost be possible to speak of a specific type of criminal justice system with a typical form of reaction. While in the West, the large number of suspects is considerably reduced during later stages of selection to a much smaller number (those actually sentenced and/or imprisoned), what the authors call a funnel model, in the East a smaller number of suspected offenders enters this selection process, but tends to remain within it and be sentenced - the cylinder model. These procedural structures have changed little in the 1990s, and there has certainly not been any increasing alignment of the Eastern systems with the Western one. Indeed, the difference has, if anything, become greater. These lower crime statistics as compared with the West - represented here by Hamburg - are, however, not only the result of equally large discrepancies between the real crime rates, but in this regard the pro-active crime prevention measures of the police, which in Hamburg have caused the inclusion of an increased number of juveniles and foreigners in the crime statistics since 1995, have also had a great effect. The research project thus clearly demonstrates the importance of interpreting crime statistics neither as a true representation nor as a distorted reflection of the activities of a criminal justice system. Instead, these statistics should be seen as reflecting specific processing procedures and methods of crime control.     

不良书刊对青少年犯罪的影响及防范对策

青少年犯罪是一个复杂的社会现象，其中，不良书刊对青少年的侵蚀和毒害是造成青少年犯罪不可忽视的重要原因之一。由于青少年可塑性大、意志力薄弱，不良书刊不仅对青少年犯罪起诱发、教唆作甲，而且对青少年犯罪心理的最后形成起强化作用，必须采取积极有效措施，制止和根除不良书刊对青少年的影响。     

对未成年人犯罪从宽处罚问题的探讨

我国刑法对于未成年人犯罪,在量刑上采取"教育、感化、挽救"的方针,确立了"教育为主、惩罚为辅"的原则。司法实践中,应当从多个方面落实刑法规定的量刑原则,对犯罪的未成年人从宽处罚,如不适用死刑、适用轻刑化量刑原则、对犯罪情节轻微者免予刑事处罚、尽量适用缓刑以减少关押、正确合理地适用附加刑等。     

少年更生与被害者损害恢复

在被害者损害恢复视角下,构建新的少年非行类型,以此为基础确认关怀被害者家属之必要。提倡建立被害者损害恢复保险制度,并对各非行少年处遇机关中与被害者损害恢复相关措施进行研讨。     

低自我控制与家庭社会经济地位在青少年犯罪中的作用——我国青少年犯罪成因实证研究初探

本研究分别对以官方统计数据和自我报告法获得的数据进行初步回归分析发现,在影响青少年犯罪的多种因素中,"低自我控制(low self-control)"的解释力最为突出,证实了青春期特有的身心冲突极有可能是导致此人生阶段犯罪(或偏差行为)激增的主要因素。同时我们还发现了家庭社会经济地位在青少年犯罪中的特殊作用。     

少年违法犯罪生成的社会学分析

少年违法犯罪现象的日益严重引起了全社会的共同关注,从理论上分析和理解少年犯罪的成因是应对和处理少年犯罪的基础。本文从社会学宏观的角度分析了少年社会化过程中社会文化、社会互动以及社会依恋与少年违法犯罪生成的关系,以期揭示少年违法犯罪形成的原因,从而有助于保护少年的健康成长。