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1.
Patrick Megan E. Rhew Isaac C. Duckworth Jennifer C. Lewis Melissa A. Abdallah Devon Alisa Lee Christine M. 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2020,49(4):869-880
Journal of Youth and Adolescence - Young adults experience social role transitions across multiple life domains, and a deeper understanding of the ways in which these simultaneous transition... 相似文献
2.
Tara S. Duckworth David S. Kreiner Kim Stark-Wroblewski Patricia A. Marsh 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2011,26(1):11-19
Mistaken eyewitness identifications are believed to contribute to a preponderance of wrongful convictions, underscoring the
need to identify methods to help decrease the likelihood of false convictions based on eyewitness testimony. The present study
tested the hypothesis that providing jurors with first-hand experience with eyewitness identification procedures could help
further sensitize them to the limitations of eyewitness testimony. Eighty college students watched a videotaped mock trial
in which the prosecution’s sole evidence was eyewitness testimony. In a 2 × 2 randomized factorial design, we manipulated
whether participants heard expert psychological testimony (henceforth referred to as expert testimony) on the limitations of eyewitness identification and whether they experienced an eyewitness identification procedure. As
predicted, experiencing the eyewitness identification procedure had a significant impact on juror decisions, suggesting that
this procedure could further help reduce the likelihood of wrongful convictions. 相似文献
3.
Acid scavengers are frequently used as stabilizer compounds in a variety of applications. When used to stabilize volatile compounds such as nerve agents, the lower volatility and higher stability of acid scavengers make them more persistent in a post-event forensic setting. Compound-specific isotope analysis of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen in three acid-scavenging compounds (N,N-diethylaniline, tributylamine, and triethylamine) were used as a tool for distinguishing between different samples. Combined analysis of multiple isotopes improved sample resolution, for instance differentiation between triethylamine samples improved from 80% based on carbon alone to 96% when combining with additional isotope data. The compound-specific methods developed here can be applied to instances where these compounds are not pure, such as when mixed with an agent or when found as a residue. Effective sample matching can be crucial for linking compounds at multiple event sites or linking a supply inventory to an event. 相似文献
4.
This experiment examined whether jury-eligible community members (N = 223) were able to detect internally invalid psychological science presented at trial. Participants read a simulated child
sexual abuse case in which the defense expert described a study he had conducted on witness memory and suggestibility. We
varied the study’s internal validity (valid, missing control group, confound, and experimenter bias) and publication status
(published, unpublished). Expert evidence quality ratings were higher for the valid versus missing control group version only.
Publication increased ratings of defendant guilt when the study was missing a control group. Variations in internal validity
did not influence perceptions of child victim credibility or police interview quality. Participants’ limited detection of
internal validity threats underscores the need to examine the effectiveness of traditional legal safeguards against junk science
in court and improve the scientific reasoning ability of lay people and legal professionals. 相似文献
5.
The psycholegal and medicolegal assessment of injury-related physical and psychological impairments and disabilities is fraught with difficulties, including assessing for physical and psychological risk factors. In the injury litigation context, in Canada, issues related to pre-injury physical and psychological risk factors are best captured by the thin skull and crumbling skull rules. A review of court cases in which these rules have been considered suggests that the rules are not applied consistently. This inconsistency in the application of these rules has contributed to conflicting determinations of cause and damages across trial court, appeal court, and Supreme Court cases. This article provides operational definitions of the thin skull and crumbling skull rules, presents a case that involves a series of court decisions that exemplify the difficulties associated with the application of these rules, and provides recommendations for more effective application of the two rules. 相似文献
6.
Emptiness (śūnyatā) is one of the most important topics in Buddhist thought and also is one of the most perplexing. Buddhists in Tibet have
developed a sophisticated tradition of philosophical discourse on emptiness and ineffability. This paper discusses the meaning(s)
of emptiness within three prominent traditions in Tibet: the Geluk (dge lugs), Jonang (jo nang), and Nyingma (rnying ma). I give a concise presentation of each tradition’s interpretation of emptiness and show how each interpretation represents
a distinctive aspect of its meaning. Given that Buddhist traditions (1) accept an extra-linguistic reality and (2) maintain
a strong tradition of suspicion of language with the belief that language both constructs and distorts reality, this paper
responds to an issue that is not so much whether or not an inexpressible reality can be expressed, but rather how it is best articulated. 相似文献
7.
In Tibet, the negative dialectics of Madhyamaka are typically identified with Candrakīrti’s interpretation of Nāgārjuna, and
systematic epistemology is associated with Dharmakīrti. These two figures are also held to be authoritative commentators on
a univocal doctrine of Buddhism. Despite Candrakīrti’s explicit criticism of Buddhist epistemologists in his Prasannapadā, Buddhists in Tibet have integrated the theories of Candrakīrti and Dharmakīrti in unique ways. Within this integration,
there is a tension between the epistemological system-building on the one hand, and “deconstructive” negative dialectics on
the other. The integration of an epistemological system within Madhyamaka is an important part of Mipam’s (’ju mi pham rgya mtsho, 1846–1912) philosophical edifice, and is an important part of understanding the place of Yogācāra in his tradition. This
paper explores the way that Mipam preserves a meaningful Svātantrika-Prāsaṅgika distinction while claiming both Yogācāra and
Prāsaṅgika as legitimate expressions of Madhyamaka. Mipam represents Prāsaṅgika-Madhyamaka as a discourse that emphasizes
what transcends conceptuality. As such, he portrays Prāsaṅgika as a radical discourse of denial. Since the mind cannot conceive
the “content” of nonconceptual meditative equipoise, Prāsaṅgika, as the representative discourse of meditative equipoise,
negates any formulation of that state. In contrast, he positions Yogācāra as a discourse that situates the nonconceptual within
a systematic (conceptual) structure. Rather than a discourse that re-presents the nonconceptual by enacting it (like Prāsaṅgika),
the discourse of Yogācāra represents the nonconceptual within an overarching system, a system (unlike Prāsaṅgika) that distinguishes
between the conceptual and the nonconceptual. 相似文献
8.
Because physical injuries occur so frequently and are associated with significant mortality and morbidity, these injuries have been acknowledged as a worldwide public health concern. While the greatest cost associated with physical injury is the loss of life, non-fatal injuries are associated with significant personal and societal costs. Traditionally, examinations of the personal costs of physical injuries have emphasized functional losses and limitations, in addition to resulting losses in work productivity and income earning power. Efforts to capture the societal costs associated with physical injury have emphasized medical expenditures related to their treatment as well as costs related to lost work performance and disability compensation. Less emphasized but possibly more relevant to post-injury functional outcomes is the experience of psychological distress that frequently accompanies injury-related changes in function and overall quality of life. Any calculation of the true cost of physical injuries must include a reckoning of their impact on psychological health and the interactive influence of physical and psychological injuries on immediate and long-term recovery of function. In the current article, we briefly summarize data pertaining to the prevalence and cost of physical injuries; we briefly describe the more common consequences of physical injury, including injury-related limitations in physical function, pain and pain-related limitations in physical function, occupational impairment, psychological distress, and impairment in interpersonal relating; we review select theoretical models that are considered to explain the transition from physical injury to disabilities and we identify the pre-, peri-, and post-injury influence of physical and psychological health on injury management, recovery of function, risk of re-injury, and disability. 相似文献
9.
Lindsay, Lea, and Fulford (J Appl Psychol 76:741–745, 1991) found that false identifications increased, correct rejections decreased, and correct identifications minimally increased
when witnesses were allowed a second viewing of a sequential lineup. We conducted a similar study in which we allowed mock
witnesses a second viewing of a sequential lineup. Results indicated that participants who were allowed a second viewing made
mostly incorrect identifications. Participants correctly identified the perpetrator more often when they were not told in
advance that they would have a second viewing than when they were told. Additionally, those participants who were told that
they would be allowed a second viewing incorrectly rejected the lineup more often than those who were not told. The findings
yielded conclusions similar to those of Lindsay et al. (J Appl Psychol 76:741–745, 1991) suggesting that witnesses should not be allowed to view the lineup a second time. The results also suggest that, if a repeated
lineup is used, witnesses should not be informed of that in advance. 相似文献
10.