云南农产品开发创新问题研究

云南是一个以农业为主的省份,有独特的气候、生态环境、多样性的生物物种等优势,可开发利用的农产品种类多,比较优势突出。在中国成为世贸组织成员的今天,云南农业和农产品受到来自国际和国内市场的冲击,我们只有审时度势,大胆地进行创新、才能使云南农产品在省内外增大市场份额,并走向世界。     

毛泽东农业合作化思想探析

“农民、农村、农业”问题一直是我党在社会主义革命和建设中致力于解决的重大问题之一。在探索中国农业发展进程的过程中,毛泽东形成了他的农业合作化思想。分析研究毛泽东的农业合作化思想,不仅有助于我们更准确地理解毛泽东思想的历史发展过程,而且对于当代全面建设小康社会,建设有中国特色社会主义新农村具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

农村合作经济组织立法刍议

基于农村合作经济组织立法的必要性与紧迫性 ,农村合作经济组织应采取分业立法模式 ,分别立法 ,重点是制定单独的《农业专业合作社法》 ,并明确农业专业合作社的法律地位 ,合作社设立、变更与撤销 ,合作社管理 ,合作社成员的权利和义务 ,合作社产权及盈余分配制度等。     

关于增加农民收入的调查意见

1997年以来,大连市农民人均纯收入增长缓慢,其主要原因是:农业结构不合理,第二、第三产业发展缓慢,农村职业教育滞后,农民税后负担过重。为增加农民收入,必须调整优化农业结构,提高农业整体效益;大力发展第二、第三产业,加快捉村富裕劳动力转移;多给少取,切实减轻农民负担。     

对我国农业保险市场的分析与思考

我国保险体系在城市中逐步完善与发展,在农村的建设却严重滞后。我国农业保险的发展对策主要是构建财政支持型的农业保险,加强农业保险的立法,开发适销对路的农业保险险种,培育农业保险的中介市场等。     

高等教育与经济水平关系的统计分析

用人口加权方法对世界各国的高等教育入学率与人均GNP、农业产值比例关系、服务业产值比例关系、城市化人口比例关系进行统计回归,利用软件进行曲线估计,以此确定在众多回归模型中的最适合模型。利用数学模型,可以为我国的高等教育规划提供科学依据。     

Agricultural commercialisation models,agrarian dynamics and local development in Ghana

The renewed commitment of African states to modernising agriculture has reignited longstanding debates about different models of agricultural commercialisation. Which forms of commercialisation models will reduce land dispossession and the impoverishment of smallholders, and transform smallholder agriculture and the wider economy? Of the three broad models of agriculture commercialisation in this debate – plantation, contract farming and medium-scale commercial farming – contract farming has been identified as central to the future of Africa’s commercial agriculture. This paper provides empirical evidence from Ghana on the impacts of these three models on land, labour/employment, livelihoods and local economic linkages. Our findings show that the plantation and the commercial farming areas have highly commercialised land relations, land scarcity and high land prices, compared to the outgrower area where traditional systems of accessing land still dominate, enabling families to produce their own food crops while also diversifying into wage labour and other activities. Food insecurity was highest in the plantation area followed by the commercial area, but lowest in the outgrower area. Here, semi-proletarianised seasonal workers combine self-provisioning from their own farms with wages, and this results in better livelihood outcomes than for permanent workers in plantations and commercial farms. Due to the processing units in the plantation and the outgrower models, they provided more employment. However, the casualisation of labour and gender discrimination in employment and access to land occur in all three cases. All three models generated strong economic linkages mainly because they combined attributes such as processing, provided markets for nearby farmers, induced state infrastructural development and diffused technology in competitive ways. The effects of the models on household and local development are coproduced by their interaction with pre-existing conditions and wider national economic structures.     

Land and agricultural commercialisation in Meru County,Kenya: evidence from three models*

What are the relative pros and cons of different pathways of agricultural commercialisation in Africa? This paper examines aspects of three commercial farming cases, each of which represents one of the three most dominant models of commercial agriculture – small-scale outgrowers, medium-size commercial farms and a large estate – in the high-potential area of Meru County in Kenya. The paper provides a comparative perspective across the cases, examining their outcomes in terms of land relations, labour, livelihoods and local economic linkages. The study used a mixed-methods approach, including a household survey and a range of qualitative methods including detailed life histories. We find diverse dynamics across our cases: increasing land consolidation spurred by the rising class of commercial coffee farmers, but also land fragmentation as a result of population pressure and prevalence of inheritance as a pathway to land acquisition in the case of horticultural outgrowers. The plantation generates relatively better paid employment for permanent skilled workers, while the commercial farms create employment for casualised, insecure and poorly paid seasonal labour. These labour regimes are highly gendered. The outgrowers combine family and hired labour. Across the three cases, farmers diversify income between on-farm and off-farm sources. The commercial and outgrower farms are dynamically integrated into the local economy, while the estate is less so. These features of the three models generate processes of social differentiation, which are reshaping the agrarian structure and rural economy in Meru County.     

Rethinking public policy in agriculture: lessons from history,distant and recent

This article reviews the histories of agricultural policy in 11 of today's developed countries between the late-nineteenth and the mid-twentieth century and in 10 developing and transition economies since the mid-twentieth century. After discussing the theoretical limitations of the prevailing orthodoxy, the article discusses the history of a wide range of agricultural policies concerning issues like land, knowledge (e.g., research, extension), credit, physical inputs (e.g., irrigation, transport, fertilizers, seeds), farm income stability (e.g., price stabilisation measures, insurances, trade protection), marketing, and processing. The article ends by discussing the policy lessons that may be learned from these historical experiences.     

No hay ganancia en la milpa: the agrarian question,food sovereignty,and the on-farm conservation of agrobiodiversity in the Guatemalan highlands

Although they receive little recognition for their contribution, peasant farmers in the global South play a fundamental role in securing the long-term global food supply. Via their self-sufficient agricultural practices, they cultivate the crop genetic diversity that enables food crops to adapt to changing environmental conditions. In this paper I draw upon empirical data from the Guatemalan center of agricultural biodiversity to investigate the concern that market expansion will displace peasant agriculture and undermine a cornerstone of the global food supply. I find that even though peasants' livelihoods involve multiple forms of market provisioning, they also engage in a Polanyian ‘double movement’ to protect their subsistence-oriented agricultural practices from the potentially deleterious effects of markets. I also investigate the so-called ‘agrarian question’ about the effects of market expansion on the viability of peasant agriculture, finding that although new forms of market provisioning are likely exacerbating rural inequality, the income from market activities actually enables rural Guatemalans to reproduce the conditions for peasant agriculture. Ultimately, I observe that the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and, consequently, global food security are contingent upon the ‘food sovereignty’ of peasant farmers.