犬细小病毒JL-(18)1/Beagle株的分离鉴定及遗传进化分析

为研究犬细小病毒(CPV)流行株遗传变异情况,本研究从吉林省某比格犬养殖场采集疑似CPV感染致死犬的肠道组织,将病料接种至F81细胞进行病毒分离,并通过电镜形态学、PCR、血凝试验及动物回归试验进行鉴定。结果显示,所分离的这株病毒在F81细胞中产生了典型CPV细胞病变(CPE);在电镜下可见病毒呈无囊膜、直径为20 nm左右的病毒粒子;PCR鉴定证实CPV核酸呈阳性;血凝试验表明此病毒对猪红细胞具有凝集作用,血凝效价为1∶256;将这株病毒命名为JL-(18)1/Beagle。动物回归试验表明,JL-(18)1/Beagle使比格犬产生犬细小病毒感染的典型临床症状;以NS1基因进行遗传进化分析显示,JL-(18)1/Beagle与CPV-2c型分离株CPV-SH1516以及Canine/China/23/2017 NS1基因亲缘关系较近,而核苷酸相似率为100%;以VP2基因进行遗传进化分析显示,JL-(18)1/Beagle与New CPV-2b型CPV/CN/JL3/2013、CPV/CN/HB1/2013和CPV/CN/JL6/2013亲缘关系较近,核苷酸相似率为99.89%~99.94%;以VP2蛋白氨基酸进行序列分析表明,JL-(18)1/Beagle属于New CPV-2b型,与近期吉林CPV分离株相比,关键氨基酸位点无明显变化。因此,本试验从吉林省比格犬肠组织中分离到1株New CPV-2b型CPV毒株。     

警犬场犬冠状病毒病的调查

1989年,华东两警犬场爆发冠状病毒病,共发病158条,死亡85条,发病率为27％(158/589)。其中1～5月龄幼犬的发病率高达88.5％(130/152),致死率为65.4％(85/130),发病与年龄有关,以断奶幼犬的发病率和致死率最高;而与性别、品种、季节的关系不明显。长途运输、饲养管理不良、气候突变及体质差可成为本病的诱因。     

Performance evaluation of the Scent Transfer Unit (STU-100) for organic compound collection and release

The Scent Transfer Unit (STU-100) is a portable vacuum that uses airflow through a sterile gauze pad to capture a volatiles profile over evidentiary items for subsequent canine presentation to assist law enforcement personnel. This device was evaluated to determine its ability to trap and release organic compounds at ambient temperature under controlled laboratory conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses using a five-component volatiles mixture in methanol injected directly into a capture pad indicated that compound release could be detected initially and 3 days after the time of collection. Additionally, 15 compounds of a 39-component toxic organic gaseous mixture (10-1000 parts per billion by volume [p.p.b.(v)]) were trapped, released, and detected in the headspace of a volatiles capture pad after being exposed to this mixture using the STU-100 with analysis via GC-MS. Component release efficiencies at ambient temperature varied with the analyte; however, typical values of c. 10% were obtained. Desorption at elevated temperatures of reported human odor/scent chemicals and colognes trapped by the STU-100 pads was measured and indicated that the STU-100 has a significant trapping efficiency at ambient temperature. Multivariate statistical analysis of subsequent mass spectral patterns was also performed.     

Evaluation of canine training aids containment for homemade explosive and components by headspace analysis and canine testing

While canines are most commonly trained to detect traditional explosives, such as nitroaromatics and smokeless powders, homemade explosives (HMEs), such as fuel–oxidizer mixtures, are arguably a greater threat. As such, it is imperative that canines are sufficiently trained in the detection of such HMEs. The training aid delivery device (TADD) is a primary containment device that has been used to house HMEs and HME components for canine detection training purposes. This research assesses the odor release from HME components, ammonium nitrate (AN), urea nitrate (UN), and potassium chlorate (PC), housed in TADDs. Canine odor recognition tests (ORTs) were used with analytical data to determine the detectability of TADDs containing AN, UN, or PC. Headspace analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) or online cryotrapping were used to measure ammonia or chlorine, as well as other unwanted odorants, emanating from bulk AN, UN, and PC in TADDs over 28 weeks. The analytical data showed variation in the amount of ammonia and chlorine over time, with ammonia from AN and UN decreasing slowly over time and the abundance of chlorine from PC TADDs dependent on the frequency of exposure to ambient air. Even with these variations in odor abundance, canines previously trained to detect bulk explosive HME components were able to detect all three targets in glass and plastic TADDs for at least 18 months after loading. Detection proficiency ranged from 64% to 100% and was not found to be dependent on either age of material.     

Feasibility of Canine Detection of Mass Storage Devices: A Study of Volatile Organic Compounds Emanating from Electronic Devices Using Solid Phase Microextraction

Detection of canines are well‐known to be valuable in the location of contraband, such as explosives or narcotics. More recently, canines have been trained and utilized in the detection of concealed mass storage devices that might contain evidence of illegal activity such as child pornography. To lay the analytical foundation for this detection work, research was carried out to determine the volatile organic compounds associated with mass storage devices (MSD) that could be used by trained canines for detection. Headspace analysis of a variety of electronic devices was performed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Analyses found several volatile compounds common to SIM and SD cards, as well as USB drives, including 2‐propenenitrile, styrene, isophorone, hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, and 2‐furanmethanol, tetrahydro. Results indicated that mass storage devices do have a characteristic odor profile making detection with minimal false alerts feasible for trained canines.     

急性犬瘟热伴发寄生性肠炎的病理形态学观察

为从病理学方面调查急性犬瘟热与寄生性肠炎的关系,通过免疫组织化学、苏木精伊红和过碘酸雪夫氏染色等方法,对12例急性犬瘟热伴发腹泻的病例进行了病理组织学研究。结果表明,6例腹泻主要是由球虫引起的,2例由隐孢子虫所致。犬球虫主要存在于病犬的空肠和回肠黏膜的上皮细胞内,在脱落的肠上皮细胞和被破坏的肠绒毛所形成的黏液内,也能检出大量的球虫。最常见的球虫形态为滋养体和裂殖体,滋养体多位于上皮细胞内或细胞间,断面呈不整圆形,核位于中央,被苏木精深染,原生质淡染呈细网状,质膜明显;裂殖体多呈不整圆形,内有香蕉状的裂殖子,位于变性的肠上皮细胞内,含有较多的糖原颗粒,用过碘酸雪夫氏染色时呈红色。隐孢子虫主要位于肠上皮细胞和肠腺上皮细胞的纹状缘,引起微绒毛破坏和细胞脱落。用抗犬瘟热病毒核衣壳蛋白单抗染色检查,小肠黏膜上皮细胞、隐窝的腺上皮细胞、浸润在肠黏膜固有层的淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和集合淋巴结的树突状细胞均呈强阳性反应。据此认为急性犬瘟热的寄生性腹泻是在犬瘟热病毒引起肠黏膜抵抗力降低的基础上发生的。     

K9 water searches: scent and scent transport considerations

Increased use of water search dogs for detecting submerged bodies has created the need for a better understanding of scent emanating from the bodies and how it transits the water to the dog's nose. A review of recent literature identifies likely scent sources, potential scent transport processes, and research needs. Scent sources include gases in bubbles or dissolved in the water, liquids as buoyant plumes and droplets or dissolved in the water, and solids consisting of buoyant particulates with secretions, bacteria, and body fluids. Potential transport processes through the water include buoyancy, entrainment, and turbulence. Transport processes from the water surface into the air include volatilization and evaporation enhanced by bubble bursting, breaking waves, splashing, and wind spray. Implications for the use of water search dogs are examined. Observations of submerged, decomposing bodies are needed to quantify the physical and chemical characteristics of the scent and scent transport processes.     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification of canine DNA

The accurate quantification of target DNA is an important step in the short tandem repeat analysis of forensic biological samples. By utilizing quantification data to control the amount of template DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), forensic scientists can optimize testing and minimize the consumption of limited samples. The ability to identify and quantify target DNA in mixed-species samples is crucial when it may be overwhelmed by nontarget DNA, as in cases of dog attack. We evaluated two quantitative real-time PCR assays for dynamic range, species specificity, and inhibition by humic acid. While both assays proved to be highly sensitive and discriminating, the Melanocortin-1 Receptor (MC1R) gene Taqman assay had the advantages of a shorter run time, greater efficiency, and safer reagents. In its application to forensic casework, the MC1R assay has been advantageous for quantifying dog DNA in a variety of mixed-species samples and facilitating the successful profiling of individual dogs.     

MDCK细胞感染犬细小病毒后的差异表达谱分析

通过了解MDCK细胞感染犬细小病毒(CPV)后基因表达水平的差异,研究病毒对细胞的致病作用以及细胞抵御病毒感染的机制。利用表达谱基因芯片技术,分析持续感染犬细小病毒的MDCK细胞基因表达水平的变化情况,并用Real-Time PCR技术加以验证。结果显示,获得了359个差异大于1.5倍的表达基因(P0.05),占总基因数的1.53%,其中193个上调表达(0.84%),166个下调表达(0.69%)。对差异基因进行GO功能聚类分析,小部分涉及免疫应答、生长周期调控、信号转导和蛋白酶活性,其他大部分基因功能未知。利用Real-Time PCR随机验证5个基因在持续感染CPV后的差异表达,其结果和芯片杂交的结果一致。表明建立了MDCK细胞持续感染CPV后的差异表达谱,初步了解到CPV对宿主细胞的制约作用,引起部分细胞增殖调控相关基因发生了表达下调,以及细胞对感染的积极应答反应,部分免疫反应基因、肽链内切酶活性基因等发生了上调表达,从而为探索病毒的致病机理和宿主的抗病毒途径提供了试验基础。     

复方苦芩对小鼠免疫功能及犬IL-4 mRNA和IFN-γ mRNA表达的影响

为了探讨复方苦芩对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能和对犬细胞因子IL-4mRNA、IFN-γmRNA表达的影响,将120只小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组(环磷酰胺造免疫低下小鼠模型,不给药)、阳性药物对照组(黄芪多糖注射液)、复方苦芩制剂高、中、低剂量组,连续给药7d,给药后,除空白对照组外,各组腹腔注射环磷酰胺0.2mL(80mg/kg)制造免疫低下模型,1次/d,共3d。于末次给药后第1小时,测定碳粒廓清指数、脾指数、胸腺脏器指数及T、B淋巴细胞转化率;建立犬细小病毒模型,用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法观察复方苦芩对犬细胞因子IL-4mRNA、IFN-γmRNA表达的影响。结果显示,复方苦芩能增加小鼠脾指数和胸腺指数,明显增加T、B淋巴细胞的转化率和碳清值,降低犬细小病毒引起的犬血清细胞因子IL-4含量及其mRNA表达的增加,升高犬细小病毒引起的犬血清IFN-γ含量及其mRNA表达的降低。结果表明,复方苦芩具有增强小鼠非特异性免疫功能,降低犬血清细胞因子IL-4含量及其mRNA的表达,升高犬血清IFN-γ含量及其mRNA的表达的作用。