合成大麻素类物质合成方法和制毒物品分析

合成大麻素是数量最多，化学结构多样的一大类新精神活性物质。本文综述了合成大麻素类物质的化学结构和合成方法，分析了合成大麻素类物质相关制毒物品并提出了管控对策，以期从源头上降低合成大麻素类物质的危害。     

尿液中大麻及合成大麻素MDMB-4en-PINACA、ADB-BUTINACA酶水解条件研究

目的 合成大麻素类(synthetic cannabinoids,SCs)新精神活性物质进入人体后被广泛代谢,在尿液中通常很难检出合成大麻素原体,大多数以代谢物及代谢物葡糖醛酸结合形式存在,需在尿液前处理方法中断裂葡糖醛苷酸链,将葡萄糖醛酸结合物还原。本研究针对尿液中SCs的酶水解条件进行优化。方法 采用液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)分析方法,对阳性尿液中11-去甲基-9-羧基-THC(Δ⁹-THC-COOH)的酶水解条件进行优化,并与碱消解方法进行比较;同时对MDMB-4en-PINACA、ADB-BUTINACA阳性尿液的酶水解条件进行了优化研究。结果 在55℃条件下,添加3μL的β-d-葡萄糖醛苷酸酶溶液(>100 000 units/mL)酶解30min可充分水解Δ⁹-THC-COOH葡萄糖醛酸结合物,在75℃条件下,添加3μL的β-d-葡萄糖醛苷酸酶溶液(>100000units/mL)孵育30min可充分水解MDMB-4en-PINACAM和ADB-BUTINACAM葡萄糖醛酸结合物。结论该研究可为检测尿液中合成...     

利用高分辨液质联用仪检测新型合成大麻素

目的介绍一种鉴别非法合成大麻素(AMB-FUBINACA)结构的方法。方法巧用GC-MS质谱谱库检索提示信息,利用高分辨液质联用仪的一级质谱碎片推导的分子式与GC-MS的质谱谱库检索物质的分子式进行比较,推测目标物的结构式。目标物的结构式符合液质联用仪(LC-MS/MS)的二级质谱碎片(误差4×10-7)和GC-MS的质谱碎片归属,并结合文献报道进行综合研判。结果对一例网络售卖合成大麻素的案件进行了检验,准确判定缴获样品“小树枝”中含有的合成大麻素为AMB-FUBINACA。结论该方法可为解析一些未知物的结构提供新途径。     

合成大麻素构效关系与新结构预测

本文介绍了合成大麻素化学结构的规律性,针对已经管控的合成大麻素进行了构效关系的研究,并在此基础上预测了可能出现的新结构类型.同时,介绍了两个合成大麻素鉴定的案例分析.     

合成大麻素类新精神活性物质的代谢物鉴定研究进展

合成大麻素类是目前涵盖物质种类最多、滥用最为严重的一类新精神活性物质,代谢物鉴定研究可以为合成大麻素滥用监测提供基础数据,是目前的研究热点。合成大麻素结构修饰的主要趋势是戊基吲哚或吲唑环戊基末端上的氟原子取代为氢原子,这大大提高了化合物的生物活性,涉及的主要代谢反应包括羟基化、氧化脱氟、酰胺水解、酯水解。液相色谱-高分辨质谱已成为代谢物结构鉴定的首选方法。本文基于合成大麻素的结构和分类,着重对代谢软件预测以及人肝细胞模型、人肝微粒体模型、大鼠体内模型、斑马鱼模型和真菌秀丽线虫模型在代谢物鉴定方面的研究进展进行综述。     

可疑电子烟油中5种吲哚或吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素的GC-MS定性和定量分析

目的 建立可疑电子烟油样品中合成大麻素及其主要基质、添加物的GC-MS定性定量分析方法。方法 电子烟油样品用甲醇稀释后进行GC-MS分析,以特征碎片离子和保留时间对电子烟油中的合成大麻素及其主要基质、添加物进行定性分析,在选择离子监测模式下对合成大麻素进行定量分析。结果GC-MS定量方法中各化合物的线性范围为0.025～1 mg/mL,基质加标回收率为94%～103%,日内精密度相对标准偏差小于2.5%,日间精密度相对标准偏差小于4.0%。在25份电子烟油样品中检出了5种吲哚或吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素类物质。电子烟油的基质主要为丙二醇、丙三醇,部分样品中还检出了N,2,3-三甲基-2-异丙基丁酰胺、三乙酸甘油酯和尼古丁等添加物。25份电子烟油样品中合成大麻素的含量范围为0.05%～2.74%。结论 所建立的电子烟油样品中合成大麻素、基质、添加物的GC-MS方法选择性好、分离度高、检出限低,可用于多组分同时定性和定量分析;所探讨的吲哚或吲唑酰胺类化合物的电子轰击离子源碎片离子碎裂机制有助于鉴定该类物质或其他具有类似结构的化合物。     

气相色谱/质谱检验合成大麻素K3中AKB48

目的建立较为快速准确的合成大麻素K3中AKB48的气相色谱/质谱检验方法。方法对进样口温度、初始柱温、柱流速及质谱采样率等4项色谱及质谱实验参数进行考察优化。结果 GC/MS检验合成大麻素K3中AKB48的优化条件为:进样口温度280℃,柱初始温度80℃,柱流速为2.0ml/min,质谱采样率为2。结论该方法具有快速、准确、灵敏等优点,可用于K3中AKB48的定性检验鉴定。     

疑似毒品烟丝和烟油中检出新型合成大麻素ADB-BUTINACA

正近几年,新型合成大麻素类毒品在我国广泛传播,目前相关文献已经报道了ADB-FUBINACA、5F-MDMB-PICA、AMB-FUBINACA等诸多新型合成大麻素类毒品案件~([1-4])。截止2021年4月15日,Cayman上已列出合成大麻素类化合物794种,远超芬太尼类毒品的398种。本文利用GC/MS和LC/MS/MS在山东省缴获的疑似毒品烟叶和陕西省缴获的烟油中同时检出一种新型合成大麻素:ADB-BUTINACA。我国已经列管了53种合成大麻素~([5]),     

可疑植物制品中合成大麻素5F-EDMB-PICA的鉴定

目的探讨无对照品时可疑植物制品中未知合成大麻素的定性分析策略。方法采用甲醇对植物制品中的合成大麻素进行提取,提取液经旋转蒸发仪浓缩后采用制备液相分离、纯化,得到高纯度合成大麻素制备样品,综合利用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)、超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight massspectrometry,UPLC-QTOF-MS)、核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)对制备化合物进行结构解析。结果采用制备液相得到10 mg高纯度未知样品,采用GC-MS、UPLC-QTOF-MS和NMR进行分析,通过谱图解析,最终确定未知合成大麻素为2-[1-(5-氟戊基)-1H-吲哚-3-甲酰氨基]-3,3-二甲基丁酸乙酯,简称5F-EDMB-PICA。结论本研究建立了采用制备液相从低含量植物制品中提取未知合成大麻素的方法,并综合利用GC-MS、UPLC-QTOF-MS、NMR实现了对未知物结构的解析,这些信息将有助于法庭科学实验室在鉴定实践中鉴定该物质或其他具有类似结构的化合物。     

全血中4种新型合成大麻素的快速检测

目的建立准确、快速的方法鉴定血液中4种新型合成大麻素(JWH-203、JWH-122、5F-APINACA和AB-CHMINACA)。方法全血样品经乙腈-甲醇提取后,经气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)进行筛选,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)进行确认,采用多反应监测模式进行定量分析。结果 GC-MS法于21 min完成分析,LCMS/MS法于5 min完成分析,AB-CHMINACA、JWH-203、5F-APINACA和JWH-122均采用准分子离子峰作为母离子,定量离子对分别为m/z 357.4→312.2、m/z 340.2→125.0、m/z 384.1→135.1、m/z 356.4→169.2。血液中4种合成大麻素在1～250 ng/mL质量浓度范围内线性良好(r0.99),检出限为0.1～0.5 ng/mL,提取回收率为85.4%～95.2%,精密度小于10.0%,基质效应为80.3%～92.8%。结论本研究得到了4种合成大麻素的GC-MS和LC-MS/MS色谱行为和质谱解析信息,初步讨论了色谱行为差异的可能原因,对判断合成大麻素的发展趋势有提示作用。本方法适用于血液中4种合成大麻素的快速检测,在目前新型合成大麻素滥用激增的情况下,可为此类物质的鉴定提供参考。     

Stem cell technologies: regulation, patents and problems

Human embryonic stem cell research promises to deliver in the future a whole range of therapeutic treatments, but currently governments in different jurisdictions must try to regulate this burgeoning area. Part of the problem has been, and continues to be, polarised community opinion on the use of human embryonic stem cells for research. This article compares the approaches of the Australian, United Kingdom and United States governments in regulating human embryonic stem cell research. To date, these governments have approached the issue through implementing legislation or policy to control research. Similarly, the three jurisdictions have viewed the patentability of human embryonic stem cell technologies in their own ways with different policies being adopted by the three patent offices. This article examines these different approaches and discusses the inevitable concerns that have been raised due to the lack of a universal approach in relation to the regulation of research; the patenting of stem cell technologies; and the effects patents granted are having on further human embryonic stem cell research.     

State‐Sponsored Homophobia and the Denial of the Right of Assembly in Central and Eastern Europe: The “Boomerang” and the “Ricochet” between European Organizations and Civil Society to Uphold Human Rights

State‐sponsored homophobia emerged in certain Central and Eastern European states in the past decade, with the denial of the right of assembly for gay pride marches. However, more recently there has been progress in the recognition of the fundamental democratic right of assembly. What accounts for this progress in fulfilling commitments enshrined in the European human rights treaties? This article proposes that the response of European organizations, in particular the Council of Europe and the European Union, as well as human rights nongovernmental organizations working in collaboration with local civil society organizations, have been critical to this progress. Previous literature has described a “boomerang” effect, in which aggrieved citizens use transnational activist networks to publicize human rights violations and put pressure on governments to fulfill their international legal commitments. To understand the functioning and effectiveness of the “boomerang” we introduce the concept of the “ricochet”—a process in which various institutions and civil society rapidly exchange information as well as political and legal argumentation. We posit that the ricochet is an integral process in the development of a European consensus on the human rights recognized by the European Court of Human Rights. Four cases have been selected for empirical analysis: Poland, Latvia, Serbia, and Russia. In analyzing the ricochet of information and argumentation between institutions and civil society, we find the consensus has been framed around the right of assembly, instead of the more contested area of human rights and sexual orientation.     

K2 Toxicity: Fatal Case of Psychiatric Complications Following AM2201 Exposure

Limited forensic and clinical experience and the lack of confirmatory testing strategies for synthetic cannabinoids (SC) prevent adequate characterization of SC toxicity and the potential impact on public health. A statewide surveillance system identified a fatality involving a 23‐year‐old man found with a large stab wound to the neck following use of a SC product suspected of containing AM2201. Analytical testing for common SCs, SC metabolites, routine drugs of abuse, and over‐the‐counter medications was performed on heart blood obtained at autopsy. Additionally, assays were performed on the SC raw material and drug paraphernalia found on the decedent. High concentrations of AM2201 were detected in all samples. AM2201 metabolites were detected in postmortem blood. Other than a trace amount of JWH‐073 found in smoke residue, no other substances were detected. Psychiatric complications including self‐induced, lethal trauma can occur after the use of SC products.     

Fast Tracking Persistent Young Offenders: To What Effect?

The last few years have seen much emphasis being placed on the speed of justice. In particular there has been an emphasis on speeding up youth justice, and this has resulted in quite a few Youth Courts establishing fast tracking schemes for persistent and spree offenders. One of the first of these started two years ago at Sheffield Youth Court. Its progress has been closely monitored by both the court staff and by research carried out at the University of Sheffield. The paper presents some of the results of this research, considering the purpose of fast tracking, what effect it has had on the court process, and the consequences for young offenders themselves. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

健康成年人身高全基因组关联及遗传性缺失研究进展

人类身高是由基因与环境等因素共同决定的多基因遗传性状,其遗传率高达80%以上。迄今为止已经发现了一定数量的人类身高相关基因,尤其是全基因组关联分析方法的出现及成功应用,大大加速了这一进程。然而,已发现的SNPs位点仅能解释小部分身高基因变异。本文综述了目前国内外健康成人身高全基因组关联及遗传性缺失研究进展。     

Research on multiple murder: Where are we in the state of the art?

Despite considerable public and academic attention to the phenomenon of serial homicide and mass murder, researchers have generally lamented the lack of progress that has been made, especially in the area of theoretical advances. As has been found in other areas that have embarked on similar developmental paths, taking stock of the historical development of the field in terms of the type and quality of research being conducted is an important step in moving forward. To address this concern, the present study provides a review of the current “state of the art” in multiple homicide research. Although academic articles exploring this phenomenon have steadily increased, the statistical and methodological sophistication of these studies is sorely lacking. Furthermore, researchers investigating this phenomenon rarely publish multiple articles in the area and these are generally spread through many different journals and fields. Suggestions for future research and recommendations to streamline the efforts in this field are provided based on the study results.     

Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping of keratinised hair. Part 1. Review of current status and knowledge gaps

We present a review of the literature on procedures for obtaining short tandem repeat (STR) genotypes from keratinised hair, being either hair shaft or telogen phase (naturally shed) hairs without associated scalp, follicle or sheath cells. Both the hair shaft and the telogen hair club have been subjected to the DNA-degrading keratinisation process and are more likely to be found at a crime scene than anagen (plucked) or catagen phase hairs. We discuss human hair structure, the human hair growth cycle, the keratinisation process and their implications for DNA extraction procedures, PCR amplification strategies and the interpretation of STR genotypes. Knowledge gaps and areas requiring research are identified and are the subject of a second article in this series.     

复和正义和刑事调解

犯罪自产生以来 ,其恶性随着人类文明的进步而加大 ,相反 ,人类用于对付犯罪的刑罚手段却渐趋轻缓和文明。毫无疑问 ,到目前为止 ,刑罚仍是对付犯罪最为有效的手段之一 ,审判也是解决犯罪问题的主要方式。但由于建立在报应基础之上的刑罚 ,本质上是一种“以恶制恶” ,因此 ,其弊端也是显而易见的。由此 ,在处理犯罪问题时需要引入复和正义 ,并进一步扩大刑事调解范围     

Traumatology of the traffic accident--dead people for the safety in traffic

Since 1970, traumatomechanics has been a focal point in research at the Institute for Legal Medicine and Traffic Medicine in Heidelberg. Here, the main topics are the understanding of the interrelation between mechanical strain and the resulting degree of injury; at the forefront of all interest is the determination of the mechanical resilience in humans, their organs and tissues. Important are not only the means, but likewise the individual strain tolerance and the causes for its variability. Their understanding leads to scientifically justifiable expert's reports. In safety research, these data are of major importance for the validation of crash-dummies and for the improvement of safety protection systems. Before this background, national and international institutions have supported numerous projects. With the help of 2 examples, the Thorax-Trauma-Index (TTI) and the synergy between safety belt and airbag, the relevance of these data for international regulatory provisions and the progress in safety practice are illustrated. Some traumatomechanical insights can only be gathered from human corpses. Legal prerequisites and ethical problems of experiments with corpses are discussed.