应用Ion Torrent PGM^TM平台进行人mtDNA全基因组测序

目的应用Ion Torrent PGM^TM平台对人线粒体基因组全序列进行分析检测。方法采集39名辽宁汉族无关个体以及4个母系家系的14名相关个体样本,应用SequalPrep^TM Long PCR试剂盒进行扩增,应用Ion Shear^TM Plus Reagents试剂盒和Ion Plus Fragment Library试剂盒等构建文库,并在Ion Torrent PGM平台上进行线粒体基因组全序列测序。结果在39名无关个体共观察到39种单倍型,在396个位置观察到了397种碱基变异。无关个体中出现的变异位点数目为25~53个,平均每个个体出现36.2个碱基变异。4个母系家系中每个家系成员间具有完全相同的mtDNA单倍型,严格遵守母系遗传。结论采用本研究建立的人线粒体基因组全序列的测序检验法,可显著提高mtDNA的个体识别能力,在法庭科学领域中有较好的应用价值。     

应用Ion Torrent PGM?平台进行人mtDNA全基因组测序

目的应用Ion Torrent PGM?平台对人线粒体基因组全序列进行分析检测。方法采集39名辽宁汉族无关个体以及4个母系家系的14名相关个体样本,应用SequalPrepTMLong PCR试剂盒进行扩增,应用Ion ShearTMPlus Reagents试剂盒和Ion Plus Fragment Library试剂盒等构建文库,并在Ion Torrent PGM?平台上进行线粒体基因组全序列测序。结果在39名无关个体共观察到39种单倍型,在396个位置观察到了397种碱基变异。无关个体中出现的变异位点数目为25~53个,平均每个个体出现36.2个碱基变异。4个母系家系中每个家系成员间具有完全相同的mtDNA单倍型,严格遵守母系遗传。结论采用本研究建立的人线粒体基因组全序列的测序检验法,可显著提高mtDNA的个体识别能力,在法庭科学领域中有较好的应用价值。     

DNA分析技术在法科学中的应用及展望

本综述对ＤＮＡ指纹、ＰＣＲ－ＶＮＴＲ、ＰＣＲ－ＳＴＲ、ＰＣＲ－ｍｔＤＮＡ测序等技术的发展,以及其在法科学中的应用领域和发展前景作了系统的阐述。认为由于ＤＮＡ分析技术所具有特点,使之已成为责令法科学生物检材检验的主要手段之一。阐述了现阶段ＤＮＡ分析技术已向标准化、自动化和高鉴别机率方向发展,以及建立ＤＮＡ罪犯数据库的必要性和应用价值。     

从聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中回收DNA片段直接PCR的简易方法

将聚丙烯酸胺凝胶中ＤＮＡ片段于ＰＣＲ缓冲液中电洗脱，加入ＰＣＲ反应试剂，直接扩增目的ＤＮＡ作进一步分析，ＤＮＡ片段回收效率为０．８９±０．０５，本方法简便、快速。     

从聚丙烯酰凝胶中回收DNA片段直接PCR的简易方法

将聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中ＤＮＡＳ片段于ＰＣＲ缓冲液中洗脱，加入ＰＣＲ反应试剂直接扩增目的ＤＮＡ作进一步分析，ＤＮＡ片段回收效率为０．８９±０．０５，本方法简便、快速。     

人类线粒体DNA非编码区的序列分析与法医学应用

一、人类线粒体ＤＮＡ(ｍｔＤＮＡ)序列分析和应用的历史沿革1 981年Ａｎｄｅｒｓｏｎ完成了人类线粒体基因组的全部核苷酸序列的测定 ,并提出人类ｍｔＤＮＡ呈闭合环状 ,总长度为 1 6 5 6 9ｂｐ[1 ] 。在此基础上 ,许多学者致力于分析这一环状小分子ＤＮＡ ,以揭示ｍｔＤＮＡ的序列多态性程度。早期主要采用ＲＦＬＰ技术 ,如Ｇｒｅｅｎｂｅｒｇ等[2 ] 、Ｈｏｒａｉ等[3] 用ＲＦＬＰ技术对人类ｍｔＤＮＡ进行了序列分析 ,结果显示 :人类ｍｔＤＮＡ的序列多态性仅局限于长度约为 1 .1ｋｂ的非编码区 ,称之为Ｄ -Ｌｏｏｐ区 ,其中包含两个长度…     

人类线粒体DNA的异质型

研究中国人群中线粒体 D 环区不同组织间的差别,用 PCR-测序方法对53个无关个体的毛发与血液样本进行线粒体 DNA 高变区 HVⅠ进行测序分析,通过377测序仪检测,发现1例个体中血液与毛发样本线粒体 HV Ⅰ区15997～16401间存在序列差异。在16235碱基处,毛发样本表现为 T,血液样本为 C/T。结果显示中国人群同一个体不同组织存在线粒体序列差异。     

脱落毛发线粒体DNA HV1区序列测定的研究

目的 对脱落毛发线粒体ＤＮＡ ＨＶ１区序列测定方法进行研究。方法 嵌合扩增结合末端荧光标记ＤＮＡ测序。结果 对２０例脱落毛发进行分析获得了明确的测序结果,与来自同一个体的血液所测得的ＤＮＡ序列进行比较,完全相同。结论 嵌合扩增在对脱落毛发进行线粒体ＤＮＡ多变区序列分析中是一种有效的方法,在法医ＤＮＡ检验中具有实用价值。     

中国汉族人群的线粒体DNA控制区多态性研究

探讨mtDNA多态性在法庭科学中个体识别的理论基础。应用PCR扩增产物直接测序方法 ,对 111名中国北方地区汉族人群无血缘关系个体的mtDNA控制区 (HVⅠ和HVⅡ )进行测序分析。在高变区Ⅰ 15 998～ 16 40 0之间发现 10 2处碱基变异 ,10 3个mtDNA单倍型 ;在高变区Ⅱ 0 0 0 35～ 0 0 36 9之间的发现 36处碱基变异 ,6 9个mtDNA单倍型。其可变碱基的变异形式主要为碱基替代 (转换和颠换 )、插入和缺失 ;碱基转换 (78 9% )明显高于颠换(14 3% )、插入 (3 4% ) ,缺失 (3 4% )。分析表明 ,人群个体mtDNA控制区碱基序列 ,基因多样性为 99 9% ,两个无关个体的偶合概率为 0 92 % ,具有高度序列的多态性     

人类线粒体DNA异质性及其与法医学的关系

1　人类线粒体ＤＮＡ (ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａｌＤＮＡ ,ｍｔＤＮＡ)的结构及特点　　人类线粒体ＤＮＡ存在于人类几乎所有的组织、细胞中 ,为环状双链ＤＮＡ ,大小为 165 69ｂｐ。 1981年Ａｎｄｅｒｓｏｎ等[1] 采用测序技术测定了人完整的ｍｔＤＮＡ序列。ｍｔＤＮＡ由编码区和非编码区构成 ,编码区包括 3 7个基因 ,非编区也叫控制区(ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｒｅｇｉｏｎ ,ＣＲ) ,由 1 12 2ｂｐ (160 2 4 165 69ｎｔ及 1 5 76ｎｔ)组成 ,包括一个复制起点、两个转录起点及置换环 (ｄｉｓｐｌａｃｅ ｍｅｎｔｌｏｏｐｒｅｇｉｏｎ Ｄ环区 ) ,其…     

The Effects of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Disorders on Institutional Misconduct Among Female Inmates

The US Sentencing Guidelines are among the most ambitious attempts in history to control sentencing discretion. However, a major sea change occurred in January of 2005, when the US Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Booker and Fanfan, that in order to be constitutional, the federal guidelines must be advisory rather than presumptive. The impact of the Booker/Fanfan decisions on interjurisdictional variation and sentencing disparity is an opportunity to examine the issue of whether the increased opportunity to sentence according to substantively rational criteria entails increased extralegal disparity. We draw on a conceptualization of courts as communities and a focal concerns model of sentencing decisions to frame expectations about federal sentencing in the wake of Booker/Fanfan. We test these expectations using USSC data on federal sentencing outcomes from four time periods: prior to the 2003 PROTECT Act, the period governed by the PROTECT Act, post-Booker/Fanfan, and post-Gall v US. In general, we find that extralegal disparity and between-district variation in the effects of extralegal factors on sentencing have not increased post-Booker and Gall. We conclude that allowing judges greater freedom to exercise substantive rationality does not necessarily result in increased extralegal disparity.     

Diabetes mellitus and hypopituitarism

A 38-year-old diabetic woman developed hyponatraemia and fatal non-ketotic coma after elective cholecystectomy. At the autopsy, it was revealed that the immediate cause of death was cerebral oedema with secondary pontine haemorrhage. The cerebral oedema was associated with severe hyponatraemia and atrophy of the endocrine organs, including the adrenal glands. Biochemical analysis of serum taken immediately before death indicated that the primary defect was pituitary insufficiency, a recognised but rare complication of diabetes.     

论合同标的条款

在签订合同这种市场游戏规则中，由于我国《合同法》对标的条款未作出明确的规定，加之在一些论著中也少于专门的论述，所以往往被人们所忽视或轻视。但在实践中，尤其在对外贸易中，因标的条款签订不妥而引发的纠纷和造成的意外损失屡见不鲜。本文试就如何签订好标的条款进行探讨，以飨读者。 一、标的的不可空白性。合同的标是当事人权利义务所共同指向的对象，也是为获得特定经济结果在履行义务时应尽最大努力去实现的一项利益追求。它是合同成立的重要要件。如《法国民法典》第 １１０８条，《意大利民法典》第１３２５条都明确规定，标…     

论和谐视角下我国的非诉讼纠纷解决机制

非诉讼纠纷解决机制(ADR)是纠纷解决制度的一个重要组成部分,它能够体现出某一社会的法治水平和社会秩序的状况。本文通过对ADR的介绍,表述了其对于我国构建和谐社会的重要意义,并针对我国的特点在和谐视角下对ADR的发展和完善进行了相关的阐述。     

Cerebral massive hemorrhage in congophilic angiopathy and its medicolegal significance

The principles of a special type of senile cerebromeningeal angiopathy, these days usually named “congophilic angiopathy”, are demonstrated on the basis of eight cases, complicated by spontaneous massive intracranial hemorrhages in seven and late traumatic hemorrhage in one of them. The occurrence of massive hemorrhages associated with congophilic angiopathy has until now only rarely been reported. The medicolegal significance of this vascular disease is emphasized by the eighth, traumatic, case, which became forensically relevant; the late massive hemorrhage had to be regarded as significantly favoured by amyloid angionecrosis, which is the main feature of congophilic angiopathy.     

洗钱罪构成要件与立法完善

我国现行《刑法》及《修正案》关于洗钱罪犯罪构成的设计还存在较多缺陷,与我国签署的相关国际公约还不协调,尤其未能把贪污贿赂犯罪纳入洗钱罪的上游犯罪,不利于惩治腐败犯罪,也不利于反洗钱的国际合作。因而,应尽快制定《反洗钱法》,惩治洗钱罪的上游犯罪,完善相关的刑事措施与制度,加强反洗钱国际合作。     

Morphometrische Untersuchungen bei stenosierender Koronarsklerose und ihre Bedeutung für die Bewertung konkurrierender Todesursachen

Coronary sclerosis is generally supposed to be the most important factor for coronary thrombosis, myocardial infarction and coronary heart death. Stenosing coronary sclerosis may be postmortally documented by angiography and morphometry. It is possible to obtain sufficient morphological data to suggest acute cardiac insufficiency, if the maximum grade of stenoses as a functional parameter and the heart weight are regarded in addition to the quantitative results of the three main branches of the coronary arteries (lumen and intima areas).Generally the cardiac results of autopsy are used individually and subjectively for the explanation of the cause of death. The conclusiveness of these results of autopsy depends on the circumstances of death and the existence of further pathological findings. Competing causes of death may exist in the form of illnesses, injuries, alcoholic and drug effects, physical strain and emotional stress or medical provisions. The quantitative valuation of the cardiac findings with a critical limit for an acute coronary death permits a more exact interpretation of such competing causes of death. This method of examination may also reveal an unpresumed competing cause of death, for example an intoxication. This was demonstrated by four autopsy cases.     

道德善、理性化与法的规范性——以哈特理论为中心的反省

法律的规范性是法律理论中最为重要的法律概念之一,并且学者通常以“应当”作为规范性的核心含义。然而,如果进一步追问何谓“应当”,那么就会逐渐引出“可辩护性”的概念。哈特的法律理论之所以是重要的,就因为是他首先意识到可辩护性的重要意义。不过,可辩护性背后隐含着“道德善”的概念,那么这是否意味着法律实证主义主张是错误的？并不必然,要想系统说明应当、可辩护性与道德善这三个概念,就必须借助对于“理性化框架”的整体说明,而法律实证主义在这其中就存在着诸种成立的可能性。     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
Christine Gray, International Law and the Use of Force
Phoebe Okowa, State Responsibility for Transboundary Air Pollution in International Law
Brian Leiter, Objectivity in Law and Morals
Robert Wintemute and Mads Andenas (eds.), Legal Recognition of Same–Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European and International Law
Gillian Douglas, An Introduction to Family Law
Sandra Fredman, Discrimination and Human Rights: The Case of Racism
John Monahan et al, Rethinking Risk Assessment: The MacArthur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence
Jenny Fleming and Ian Holland (eds.), Motivating Ministers to Morality