试论伤残鉴定标准的不均衡性

我国现行的伤残鉴定标准，诸如《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定标准》(以下简称《道标》)、《职工工伤与职业病致残程度鉴定标准》及各省制定的《人体损伤致残程度鉴定标准》等，在依据标准进行伤残评定中往往存在伤残等级不能完全反映伤者实际状况，或同样的伤残等级的个体状况存在明显差异，给实际处理带来很大的困惑，往往产生矛盾，增加了实际检案的难度。究其原因是伤残标准存在不均衡性。     

浅议损伤程度鉴定和伤残等级评定的区别及法律适用

司法实践中,损伤程度的鉴定与伤残等级的评定在部分办案人员之中往往存在著含糊认识.本文从损伤程度鉴定与伤残等级评定的区别和法律适用两个方面对此进行了初步的探讨、归纳和总结,以期服务于各项司法实践工作.     

当前法医学鉴定标准的冲突和规范

因为现行的各类人体损伤和伤残程度鉴定标准,对某些类型的损伤或伤残程度的规定不一致,所以在法医实际鉴定工作中,有关鉴定标准冲突的事时有发生。研究和制定人体损伤和伤残程度鉴定标准的冲突规范,对正确地选择适用鉴定标准和社会主义法制的统一是十分重要的。一、人体损伤和伤残程度鉴定标准的冲突及原因1人体损伤和伤残程度鉴定标准的冲突。是指法医在进行人体损伤或伤残程度鉴定时,同一或不同的鉴定标准对某一特定的损伤(包括与损伤直接联系的并发症和损伤引起的后遗症)或伤残的类型或程度规定不一致的情况。2人体损伤和伤残程度鉴定标…     

谈谈残疾鉴定中的晋级原则

江苏省高级人民法院研制的<人体损伤致残程度鉴定标准(试行)>(以下简称<残疾标准>)已于1998年5月由江苏省高级人民法院审判委员会讨论通过,1998年7月1日正式施行.此标准适用于江苏省各级人民法院审理案件中涉及人体损伤的残疾程度鉴定(法律、法规、最高人民法院另有规定的除外).这个标准和其他伤残评定标准一样有许许多多评定原则,如实事求是原则,鉴定人资格原则,鉴定人权利义务原则.本人就标准中的晋级原则谈谈自己的认识.     

损伤与疾病共存时的职工工伤伤残评定

新的《劳动能力鉴定职工工伤与职业病致残等级》关于"对原有伤残及合并症的处理"的规定较旧标准更为清晰、明确,在实践中便于把握,且符合职工工伤处理的基本原则。新标准规定,对损伤并发症、损伤加重原有伤残情形的,均需按照最终致残结局评定伤残等级;但对于本次工伤伤情显著轻于原有伤残的,则应以本次工伤所致残情为评定依据。与道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定相比,新标准规定的伤病关系处理原则有相当的差异,主要在于交通事故伤残评定往往强调按照最终致残结局评定伤残等级,并需说明损伤与伤残的因果关系。虽然职工工伤伤残评定并不属于一般意义上的司法鉴定范畴,但参照新标准进行伤残鉴定仍将是司法鉴定机构在诸如人身伤害的刑事案件以及侵权赔偿民事案件中需要进行的重要工作,司法鉴定人应根据不同情况,准确把握鉴定中的伤病关系处理原则。     

损伤程度鉴定标准及鉴定原则探讨

人体损伤程度鉴定是法医临床学学科的重要组成部分,就我国的法医临床学而言,其内容是该学科的骨架和脊梁。目前,我国法医学领域对此理论研究较滞后,指导思想和鉴定原则没有统一确立,造成鉴定实践中一定程度上的混乱。本文试图从鉴定标准的角度论述损伤程度鉴定的原则,同时兼与伤残程度评定进行比较。1损伤程度鉴定标准人体损伤程度存在社会学、医学和法律上不同的理解和界定。社会日常生活中基于一般的常识,人们通常有损伤重、损伤轻之分。医学主要依据生命体征分为轻度(中度)、重度和极重度等,而且各系统有不同的划分标准,为治疗提供依据。…     

GEPI关于多项残损的复合计算溯源 ——兼谈《伤残分级》晋级问题

本文结合《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》、《劳动能力鉴定职工工伤与职业病致残等级》、和《人体损伤致残程度分级》等国内伤残评定标准,对《永久性残损评定指南》中有关多项伤残向整体伤残转化以及复合计算的方法进行溯源研究.从复合计算、GEPI的复合计算和概率论加法公式等方面进行分析,并与我国伤残评定的晋级原则进行比较.为我国伤残评定体系构建提供建议.     

精神伤残评定相关问题的思考

近年来,精神伤残评定的案例日益增多,国内伤残评定有多种标准,不同标准之间评定原则、等级划分不一,评定人对现行评定标准的理解不同,造成对同一案例得出不同评定结论的情况时有发生。通过比较,作者首先阐明精神伤残的概念;然后结合目前使用的伤残评定标准,燕点比较了常用的《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》及《职工工伤与职业病致残程度鉴定》标准之间的异同,最后提出了精神伤残评定中应注意的问题。     

复发性肩关节前脱位的法医学鉴定1例

现行的人身损伤鉴定标准中对复发性肩关节前脱位的损伤程度和伤残程度评定缺乏明确的规定,作者结合1例案例对相关问题进行讨论.     

当前法医学鉴定标准的冲突和规范

因为现行的各类人体损伤和伤残程度鉴定标准,对某些类型的损伤或伤残程度的规定不一致,所以在法医实际鉴定工作中,有关鉴定标准冲突的事时有发生.研究和制定人体损伤和伤残程度鉴定标准的冲突规范,对正确地选择适用鉴定标准和社会主义法制的统一是十分重要的.     

关于《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》中若干技术难题的处理办法(下)

由于《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》中许多条文的规定比较笼统和原则,在理解和掌握上尚有一定的困难。为此,作者参考国家有关鉴定标准和临床医学有关器官功能障碍分级方法,并结合作者在伤残评定中所积累的经验,提出有关评定标准的细则,旨在推动鉴定工作的统一和规范,确保鉴定结论的公正和科学。     

关于《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》中若干技术难题的处理办法(上)

由于《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》中许多条文的规定比较笼统和原则,在理解和掌握上尚有一定的困难。为此,作者参考国家有关鉴定标准和临床医学有关器官功能障碍分级方法,并结合作者在伤残评定中所积累的经验,提出有关评定标准的细则,旨在推动鉴定工作的统一和规范,确保鉴定结论的公正和科学。     

Metrological framework for selecting morphological characters to identify species and estimate developmental maturity of forensically significant insect specimens

Accurate age estimates of immature necrophagous insects associated with a human or animal body can provide evidence of how long the body has been dead. These estimates are based on species-specific details of the insects’ aging processes, and therefore require accurate species identification and developmental stage estimation. Many professionals who produce or use identified organisms as forensic evidence have little training in taxonomy or metrology, and appreciate the availability of formalized principles and standards for biological identification. Taxonomic identifications are usually most readily and economically made using categorical and qualitative morphological characters, but it may be necessary to use less convenient and potentially more ambiguous characters that are continuous and quantitative if two candidate species are closely related, or if identifying developmental stages within a species. Characters should be selected by criteria such as taxonomic specificity and metrological repeatability and relative error. We propose such a hierarchical framework, critique various measurements of immature insects, and suggest some standard approaches to determine the reliability of organismal identifications and measurements in estimating postmortem intervals. Relevant criteria for good characters include high repeatability (including low scope for ambiguity or parallax effects), pronounced discreteness, and small relative error in measurements. These same principles apply to individuation of unique objects in general.

Key points

• Metrological rigour can increase in forensic entomology by selecting measurements based on their metrological qualities.
• Selection of high-quality features for morphological identification of organisms should consider these criteria: (1) pronounced discreteness of features (minimising group overlap or maximizing interval); (2) high repeatability of assessment (such as symmetrical width rather than asymmetrical length); (3) small relative error in measurement (selecting the physically largest continuous rigid feature for measurement).
• These metrological principles also apply to individuation of unique objects in general.

     

非领导职务公务员考核量化管理模型构建及实现路径

目前,非领导职务公务员考核存在定性多、定量少,主观因素多、客观标准少等突出问题,缺乏一套科学、完整、民主参与、可操作性强的考核管理体系。因此,要解决考核的合理性与可行性之间的矛盾,就应当在科学理论指导下,运用先进的绩效考核方法,构建非领导职务公务员考核量化管理模型,积极探索切实可行的实现路径。     

microRNA Detection in Blood,Urine, Semen,and Saliva Stains After Compromising Treatments

Evaluation of microRNA (miRNA) expression as a potential method for forensic body fluid identification has been the subject of investigation over the past several years. Because of their size and encapsulation within proteins and lipids, miRNAs are inherently less susceptible to degradation than other RNAs. In this work, blood, urine, semen, and saliva were exposed to environmental and chemical conditions mimicking sample compromise at the crime scene. For many treated samples, including 100% of blood samples, miRNAs remained detectable, comparable to the untreated control. Sample degradation varied by body fluid and treatment, with blood remarkably resistant, while semen and saliva are more susceptible to environmental insult. Body fluid identification using relative miRNA expression of blood and semen of the exposed samples was 100% and 94%, respectively. Given the overall robust results herein, the case is strengthened for the use of miRNAs as a molecular method for body fluid identification.     

Possiblities of craniofacial identification from incomplete and damaged skulls

With the aim of development criteria for assessment of results of personal identification with the use of the method of photo superposition of incomplete and damaged skulls at initial stages of our work, the frequency of submission of such skulls to examination was determined. Main groups of skull defects were determined, and identification results subject to each defect were estimated; which gave conclusion that presence or absence of one or another defect did not impede photo superposition. Signs, which most frequently were crucial for final result of identification, were determined. Analysis of obtained data show that the more number of crucial signs will be taken into account at personal identification, all the more with incomplete skulls, the more valid result will be obtained.     

The use of trace deposits for establishing the weapon of an injury]

The author analyzes the value of traces detectable on stabbing and cutting instruments (traces of blood, isolated cells of the injured organs and tissues of human body, trace particles of textile fabrics) for the identification of the instrument of injury. A comprehensive assessment of the fact of detection of material traces and of the specific features of injuries of victim's body and clothes helps in some cases identify the instrument of injury.     

New identification criteria for the Chilean population: Estimation of sex and stature

In the analysis of human skeletal or otherwise unidentifiable remains the assessment of sex is an initial vital element when rendering a biological profile. As such other aspects of the biological profile are sex-specific (e.g. stature and age) and cannot be successfully determined without this preliminary assessment. In addition, the estimation of stature is an essential parameter of the biological profile, which is often used to confirm or exclude presumptive identifications.The purpose of this study is to present newly developed local identification criteria for the estimation of sex from the postcrania and stature for Chileans. Linear discriminant functions were derived for the humerus and femur. Sexing accuracies of 87%, 86%, and 82% were achieved. Furthermore, new univariate predictive stature equations are presented using a Bayesian approach for the humerus, femur and tibia.     

精神障碍者刑事责任能力评定标准研究

刑事责任能力直接关系着案件的定性与处理。其评定有医学标准与法学标准两个要件，但法学要件的相关概念极不具体，且缺乏可借助的客观评定工具和具体的评定标准．相关评定工作一直是经验性判定。严重影响鉴定结论的科学性和一致性。我们课题组从法学要件着手。对法学要件辨认和控制能力进行量化，将医学标准和法学标准有机结合。编制出《精神障碍者刑事责任能力评定标准（草案）》，经有关鉴定机构试用，运行结果也较理想。