顶部受力致单纯性延髓损伤出血1例

<正> 原发性脑干损伤在法医尸检中较为常见,但不伴有脑干其它部位损伤出血的单纯性延髓出血较罕见。现报告1例。     

头部外伤后听觉脑干反应分析

对40例头部外伤后主诉听力下降者进行听觉用干反应测试并行临床分析,旨在探讨头部外伤后听觉脑干反应与损伤部位及听力损失大型的关系。结果表明,听力损失率为57．5％,听觉用干反应异常率为33．75％,外伤检查时发现中耳及内耳先天性畸形5％。头部外伤后听觉用干反应的异常类型无固定模式,而与损伤部位及程度有关。听觉脑干反应异常类型表现为有各波潜伏期延长,但中枢传导时间正常;Ⅰ波消失,Ⅲ～Ⅴ波间期正常;Ⅰ～Ⅲ波消失,Ⅴ波绝对潜伏期延长;单耳Ⅰ～Ⅴ波间期延长等。头部外伤后进行听觉脑干反应检测有助于确定听通路损伤的部位及听力损失类型。     

大鼠急性脑干损伤神经细胞凋亡和轴突的变化

目的研究急性脑干损伤早期的病理变化,探讨其在急性脑干损伤中的法医学意义。方法采用自由落体造成大鼠急性脑干损伤模型,HE染色常规观察各部位脑组织的显微形态改变之后,用TUNEL末端标记检测神经细胞凋亡,用LSAB染色显示神经丝蛋白(NF)。结果实验动物模型能够较好的模拟法医案例;脑干损伤的大鼠脑组织淤血、水肿、环状出血,脑皮质内神经凋亡细胞数目明显增多(P<0.01);脑干部位神经轴突排列紊乱、肿胀、断裂。结论上述多种病理变化对急性脑干损伤的死后诊断具有一定的意义。     

c-fos蛋白及其基因表达改变用于脑干损伤早期死后诊断的可行性研究

探讨人体脑干损伤后c fos蛋白及其基因表达的改变用于脑干损伤早期死后诊断的可行性。采用免疫组织化学和原位杂交技术 ,观察 16例人体脑干损伤后的c fos蛋白及其基因表达的改变。结果发现 :在正常脑干组织的不同部位 ,均有c fos蛋白和c fos mRNA阳性表达 ,且在各例脑干标本之间 ,表达的量及其分布不一致。脑损伤后 ,在脑干组织中也有c fos蛋白和c fos mRNA阳性表达 ,但与正常脑干组织相比无显著性差异。c fos蛋白和c fos mRNA的表达在各例脑干标本之间不一致 ,且在损伤后的改变无明显规律 ,不能用于脑干损伤早期的死后诊断。     

38例单纯型脑干损伤法医学尸检的回顾性研究

目的报道38例原发性单纯型脑干损伤致死案例法医学尸检所见的脑干损伤、致伤方式和致伤物等特点,并探讨在法医学鉴定中的意义。方法从208例脑干损伤死亡法医学尸检案例中,挑选出38例符合单纯型脑干损伤的案例,分析单纯型脑干损伤发生的案情、损伤的部位和类型等特点。结果38例中男性占绝大多数,农民明显多于其它人员;大多发生于纠纷斗殴中;头部拳击伤18例(47.4%);头皮挫伤19例(50.0%);头皮挫裂创9例(23.7%);未见头皮损伤7例(18.4%);受伤当时昏迷并很快死亡者34例(89.5%);其损伤为局灶性挫伤出血,有32例(84.2%)肉眼未能辨认出,镜检见小灶性出血:其中,桥脑18例(47.4%)、延脑10例(26.3%)、中脑4例(10.5%)、桥脑和延脑均有出血6例(15.8%)。结论原发性单纯型脑干损伤不仅存在,而且能致人死亡;应引起同行的重视。     

28例心脏挫伤的法医病理学观察

目的观察心脏挫伤的形态特点和分布规律,探讨心脏挫伤的分类和分级方法及与成伤机制的关系。方法用改良的心脏挫伤检查法对28例人体心脏挫伤标本进行肉眼和光镜观察并测量挫伤灶的大小。结果肉眼观察,心脏挫伤灶切面一般呈带状、楔形、类圆形或条纹状;观察连续切面,可见其相应的三维形态大致呈类圆盘状、类圆锥体、类球体或线状。显微镜下,挫伤区主要表现为轻重不等的出血、心肌纤维断裂和心肌细胞变性坏死,按出血和变性坏死的程度可将心脏挫伤分为出血型、坏死型和出血坏死型。心脏挫伤见于心脏各部位和心壁各层,不同部位的挫伤发生率和类型差异大。以挫伤灶的体积、数量和部位为依据,将心脏挫伤的程度分为4级。结论心脏挫伤的形态多样、分布广泛、各部位的挫伤类型和发生率差异大。     

原发性脑干损伤出血形态及分布特征分析

目的观察分析原发性脑干损伤出血灶的形态及分布特征,为法医学鉴定提供依据。方法选取34例原发性脑干损伤出血案例,常规制作病理切片,采用HE染色观察出血灶的形态及位置分布特征,并统计两者之间关系。结果原发性脑干损伤出血形态以裂隙样出血多见（61．6％）。出血灶位置分布组间比较显示,不同纤维走行和组织密度交界处、动脉周围、神经根等处以裂隙样出血多见（P〈0．005）;室管膜下主要表现为灶性出血（P〈0．001）;神经核团内出血较少,且裂隙样出血、灶性出血比例较为接近。结论不同纤维走行和组织密度交界处、动脉周围、神经根处的裂隙样出血是原发性脑干损伤的直接依据;神经核团内出血具有重要的法医学价值。     

脑干损伤致死星形胶质细胞GFAP和ET-1的表达

目的 研究星形胶质细胞GFAP和ET-1的表达在脑干损伤的分子病理学改变并探讨对脑干损伤法医学鉴定中的意义。方法 筛选本中心提供的不同时间急性脑干损伤死亡的脑标本15例及非颅脑损伤死亡标本5例,HE染色常规观察各部位脑组织的显微形态改变之后,用检测单克隆抗体免疫组化SP方法检测胶质细胞GFAP和ET-1的表达,研究其病理变化。结果 生前急性脑干损伤部位GFAP阳性细胞数目增多,细胞形态变大,存在ET-1的表达。结论 上述系列病理变化对于法医实践中急性脑干损伤的死后诊断具有参考价值。     

头面部轻度挫伤致脑干损伤死亡1例

法医检案鉴定工作中肉眼能见到脑干损伤出血或血肿等明显改变，将其作为死因诊断一般不会引发争议。但若头面部损伤轻微，仅镜下见脑干有出血损伤，是否可致死则值得注意。现报道1例，供大家参考。     

交通事故致不同损伤部位与死亡速度相关性分析

目的 通过对交通事故造成的不同损伤部位与伤者死亡速度之间相关性进行研究,为案件分析和事故处理提供参考。方法 收集2017～2021年共计2 830例案件,基于灰色理论,利用SPSSPRO进行相关性分析。结果不同损伤部位在各组间具有显著性差异（P <0.05）,在即时死亡组案件中,相关性最高的是枕叶（r=0.868）;急性死亡组中相关性最高的是脑干及脊髓（r=0.873）;亚急性死亡组中相关性最高的是脑干及脊髓（r=0.735）;慢性死亡组相关性最高的是额叶（r=0.9）。结论 不同的损伤部位与死者的死亡速度之间相关程度不同,即时死亡案件多与枕叶受损相关,急性死亡和亚急性死亡多与脑干和脊髓损伤相关,慢性死亡多与额叶受损相关。该结论可以为法医工作者处理交通事故等相关案件提供参考。     

10例单纯型脑干损伤

<正> 拳击头面部造成脑干损伤而突然死亡。国内除有个别案例报导外,尚缺乏病理组织学检查。由于损伤仅限于脑干,肉眼检查无明显出血,易造成漏诊。现将我们尸解的材料,结合文献探讨这种脑干损伤的机理与特点,供法医工作者参考。     

原发性脑干挫伤的HE染色观察

目的观察原发性脑干挫伤的形态学特点。方法从465例致死性颅脑损伤中,检出171例有脑干挫伤病变、均于伤后10min～7d死亡者。脑干标本经福尔马林固定后,以脑干各颅神经根水平面等处切取检材,每例共8块,HE染色,光镜观察。结果 171例中有24例颅底骨折致脑干挫伤者,脑干横切面见小灶出血,其余只有在镜下方可见有组织出血、挫碎或撕裂等脑挫伤改变,以及对损伤的应激反应现象。结论原发性脑干挫伤的形态学具有一定特点,故对鉴定脑干损伤有着重要的参考价值。     

Diffuse axonal injury

Diffuse axonal injury is a distinct form of head injury, induced by direct external forces at the time of the trauma, and not produced by secondary changes due to a primary injury. This type of lesion may be without conspicuous findings on gross brain examination, or may be found with coexisting conventional types of brain injuries. It is characterized by diffuse retraction balls (axonal swellings), hemorrhage or laceration of the corpus callosum, and hemorrhages in the brain stem. It is of utmost importance for forensic pathologists to be aware of this little-recognized entity. Five illustrative cases are presented.     

Histopathologic criteria of primary and secondary brain stem lesions

The brain stems from 52 corpses were microscopically examined. These cases died as a result of closed head injuries, which were clinically diagnosed and/or diagnosed postmortem as primary brain stem lesions. The morphological changes in these cases were compared with morphological changes in the brain stems of corpses who died from cerebral hemorrhage with additional secondary brain stem lesions. The examinations revealed acidophilic necrosis of the vessel walls in brain stem hemorrhages with fibrin impregnation of the vessel walls. Fibrin penetration to the perivascular space was the basic morphological marker that helped to differentiate between these two groups of cases.     

171例脑干颅神经损伤

目的　观察头部受力致脑干颅神经损伤的形态学改变 ,探讨脑干颅神经损伤形成机制及其与头受力部位和方式的关系。方法　 171例脑干标本 ,于双侧第 3～ 12对颅神经的根部水平横切取组织块 ,常规固定、脱水、包埋、切片、HE染色 ,光镜检查。结果　所有标本均见颅神经损伤。有动眼神经损伤 ( 12 0例 ,70 2 % ) ,面听神经损伤( 92例 ,5 3 8% ) ,三叉神经损伤 ( 85例 ,49 7% ) ,外展神经损伤 ( 4 5例 ,2 6 3 % ) ,舌下神经损伤 ( 3 1例 ,18 1% ) ,迷走神经损伤 ( 2 7例 15 8% ) ,舌咽神经损伤 ( 2 4例 ,14 0 % )及滑车神经和副神经损伤 (各 10例 ,5 8% )。损伤可为单侧或双侧 ,累及单条或多条。病理形态学改变有出血 ( 4 2例 ,2 4 6% ) ,水肿 ( 2 6例 ,15 2 % ) ,神经根部组织结构变形 ( 71例 ,41 5 % ) ,根部撕裂 ( 3 2例 ,18 7% )等。结论　脑干颅神经损伤是脑干损伤的并存病变 ;位脑干高位的颅神经损伤比位低位的多 ,粗的神经损伤比细的多而严重 ;动眼、面、听神经损伤的发生率较高。     

Vertebral artery rupture in a sudden death case after mild trauma

We report a case of subarachnoid hemorrhage at the skull base with possible rupture of a vertebral artery, and we present a new method to investigate rupture of this artery. In this method, the brain stem and cerebrum are divided with ligation of the internal carotid artery and basilar artery, and milk is injected from the original part of the vessel to find the rupture. We show that this method is particularly useful for cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage at the skull base in which there may be rupture of a vertebral artery.     

112例脑弥漫性轴索损伤分析

目的探讨脑弥漫性轴索损伤（diffuse axonal injury,DAI）与脑挫裂伤和原发性脑干损伤的关系。方法分析112例DAI伤者的法医临床学资料和影像学特点,对原发性脑损伤的特征进行比较。结果112例DAI伤者中70.5%为交通事故致伤,多次暴力致伤比较多见（60.7%）,伴脑挫裂伤者80例（71.4%）。CT或MRI发现出血灶者90例。结论DAI多伴有脑皮质挫裂伤和原发性脑损伤,CT或MRI有助于法医学死因分析和伤残程度鉴定。     

Sudden Death Due to Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Report of Two Cases

Primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is a rare type of stroke defined as bleeding within the ventricles of the brain without any associated parenchymal hemorrhage. Here, we reported two cases of sudden death due to PIVH. One of the patients was found dead under a highway bridge without witnesses, and the other patient was hospitalized with hemorrhage in the ventricular system, as revealed by a head computed tomography scan. In these two patients, autopsy and macroscopic examination only showed hemorrhages in the ventricular system without any traumatic brain injury or other intraparenchymal hemorrhage. The sources of bleeding for both patients were ultimately confirmed as ruptured brain arteriovenous malformations located in the subventricular zone. We reported these cases to broaden our understanding of sudden death associated with PIVH, especially when caused by brain arteriovenous malformation. We also summarized the essential details of the diagnoses and available technical methods for PIVH cases.     

Position paper on fatal abusive head injuries in infants and young children

This article represents the work of the National Association of Medical Examiners Ad Hoc Committee on shaken baby syndrome. Abusive head injuries include injuries caused by shaking as well as impact to the head, either by directly striking the head or by causing the head to strike another object or surface. Because of anatomic and developmental differences in the brain and skull of the young child, the mechanisms and types of injuries that affect the head differ from those that affect the older child or adult. The mechanism of injury produced by inflicted head injuries in these children is most often rotational movement of the brain within the cranial cavity. Rotational movement of the brain damages the nervous system by creating shearing forces, which cause diffuse axonal injury with disruption of axons and tearing of bridging veins, which causes subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhages, and is very commonly associated with retinal schisis and hemorrhages. Recognition of this mechanism of injury may be helpful in severe acute rotational brain injuries because it facilitates understanding of such clinical features as the decrease in the level of consciousness and respiratory distress seen in these injured children. The pathologic findings of subdural hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and retinal hemorrhages are offered as "markers" to assist in the recognition of the presence of shearing brain injury in young children.     

Significance of inflammatory changes in the brainstem in forensic autopsy cases

Brain stem encephalitis is an uncommon disease. In order to assess the significance of inflammatory changes in the brain stem in a forensic autopsy material we reviewed the findings over a 12-year period. Between January 1st 1982-December 31st 1993, neuropathological examination of the brain was carried out in 29% of the autopsy cases from the Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Oslo. Out of 4546 brains, 110 (2.2%) showed microglial nodules and perivascular lymphocytic cuffing in the lower brain stem. In 66 of the cases (60%), the abnormalities were limited to the nucleus and/or the spinal tract of the fifth cranial nerve. Only 16 of the 39 cases with more widespread changes, diagnosed as brain stem encephalitis, had a serious underlying or concomitant disease. Three particular cases of brain stem encephalitis are reported in more detail. In all three cases we suggest that the brain stem inflammatory changes may be either the direct or a contributory cause of death.