论权力机关对行政立法的监督

行政立法是国家行政机关依照法律规定的权限和程序，制定行政法规和行政规章的活动。由于行政立法立体的多层次性和立法内容的广泛多样性，因而，在实际生活中出现了行政机关所立之法相互矛盾、相互重叠的现象，甚至出现了行政机关超越自己的立法权限进行立法、所立之法和国家的宪法、基本法律相抵触的现象，直接给公民和有关组织的权益造成了严重的损害。为了防止行政机关滥用立法权、保护公民的合法权益，必须对行政立法进行监督。本文着重从权力机关入手，对权力机关对行政立法进行监督，从原因、模式监督过程中存在的问题，我国行政立法监督的完善等几个方面作了探讨。     

论行政法规制定权限的监督与制约

行政立法是国家行政机关依照法律规定的权限和程序,制定行政法规和行政规章的活动。《中华人民共和国立法法》和《行政法规制定程序条例》分别于2000年和2002生效,但由于行政立法主体的多层次性和立法内容的广泛多样性,在实际生活中出现了行政机关所立之法相互矛盾、相互重叠的现象,甚至出现了行政机关超越自己的立法权限进行立法、所立之法与国家的宪法和基本法律相抵触的现象,直接给公民和有关组织的权益造成了严重的损害。为了防止行政机关滥用立法权,保护公民的合法权益,必须对行政立法进行监督。     

论行政立法裁量中利益沟通的法治价值——从亚里士多德的法治观说起

亚里士多德法治观的精髓在于立法者所制定的法律必须是良法并且应当被普遍遵守。秉承此意,行政立法裁量中利益沟通的法治价值有二：一是利益沟通有助于行政立法裁量所立之法为良法;二是利益沟通有助于行政立法裁量所立之法获得普遍服从。     

依法行政与行政程序法

在现实生活中,人们往往将依法行政误解为行政机关以自己所立之法行政,行政机关也对此习以为常。其结果导致这一原则的变异。在行政机关依法设立并被赋予职权之后,其严格执行由权力机关为之制定的行政程序法,便成为坚持依法行政原则的关键。离开行政程序法,无以言依法行政。     

行政立法与无为而治

“无为而治”的思想如果经过适当地吸收和转换,完全可以作为现代行政管理和行政立法的精神营养。而现代治理中与“无为”精神相通的就是“有限政府”的理念。行政立法的“无为”精神要求行政立法不能越权立法,不能限制基本人权,对非基本人权的限制也必须有法律的授权并且程度适当,不能立自利之法、不公之法、无效益之法和违背自然生态规律之法。在行政立法中实现“无为”精神要求正确处理“无为”与“有为”的关系,要求健全的监督机制和民主化的立法程序。     

试论完善行政立法

依法行政是现代社会法治国家所普遍奉行的准则，是依法治国方略得以实现的关键和核心。法治始于立法，“正义只有通过良好的法律才能实现”。行政立法的质量直接影响到依法行政的进程。要实现行政法治，首先要加强行政立法工作，健全和完善行政法律体系。现在，社会上对严格执法、对政府机关工作人员素质、对执法监督谈论得很多，但对行政立法却未予应有的充分重视。这种认识上的偏差对依法行政危害甚剧。我国行政立法的现状 党的十一届三中全会以来，我国积极推进社会主义民主与法制建设，行政立法工作取得了重大进展。但是，我们也要看到…     

宪政视角下的依法行政

以“行政”的三个要素为出发点,可以将行政所依之法分为组织性法律、事务性法律和程序性法律。宪政视角下的依法行政,强调行政机关依宪法、组织性法律和程序性法律办事,其含义的准确表达应为由法定的机关在法定的权限内,依照法定程序处理法律规定的事务。“下级服从上级”、“有法可依,有法必依,执法必严,违法必究”等提法都不是对依法行政的正确表达。要实现依法行政的目标,加强地方各级权力机关对同级行政机关的监督至关重要。     

我国应尽快出台《行政强制执行法》

现代社会中国家的行政职能不断扩大，行政机关在国家管理和人民生活中地位日益加强。这就要求行政机关必须依法行政。而行政强制执行作为一种最严厉的行政手段，更应严格控制在法律范围内。为保证行政强制执行依法进行，世界上许多国家都制定有专门的《行政强制执行法》。同时我国目前行政强制执行中非法越权，滥用职权的严重问题，也急需尽快制订一部《行政强制执行法》来加以规范。 一、我国制订《行政强制执行法》的必要性 １、法理上行政强制执行必须贯彻依法强制原则。行政法治要求行政机关的一切权力都必须有法律的明确授权或规定。由…     

论依法行使行政职权之“法”的标准——关于完善《行政诉讼法》立法目的的一种思考

上个世纪80年代末制定的<行政诉讼法>是一部具有里程碑意义的法律,它对保障公民、法人或其他组织的合法权益、监督行政机关依法行政、推进我国法治建设进程起了极重要的作用.随着时代的发展,这部法律在实践中所反映的问题也一一显现,修改<行政诉讼法>已成为热门话题.本文试就确立行政机关依法行使行政职权之"法"的标准问题,谈谈如何完善<行政诉讼法>的立法目的.     

行政立法与法治行政原理──中日规范和控制行政立法的比较研究

《立法法》的颁布和施行 ,对于维护法制的统一和尊严 ,规范立法活动 ,促进法制现代化建设 ,推进依法治国 (包括依法行政 ) ,都必将发挥重要作用。行政立法活动应当受到法治行政原理的各种约束 ,包括法律优先原则、法律保留原则、法律的法规创造力原则等等。而且将有关一定事项的具体内容 ,立法机关授权行政机关来制定具体规定 ,不应是概括性、抽象的委任 ,而应是个别、具体的。受委任的行政机关也不得超越法律授权的目的、范围。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。