检察机关参与民事公诉立法问题研究

检察机关是我国法律监督机关。在此宪法制度的前提下,检察机关提起民事公诉应该限于几种特定类型的案件范围内。检察机关可以通过直接起诉、支持起诉、督促起诉和参与起诉四种方式提起民事公诉。为了实现检察机关提起公诉的职能,我国《人民检察院组织法》和其他相关法律应该作适当修改。     

论民事公诉

民事公诉是检察机关履行法律监督职责的重要方式之一。检察机关就某些案件向法院提起民事诉讼,是各国比较通行的做法,许多国家的法律对此均有规定。本文指出检察机关的民事公诉权不同于公民、法人的起诉,应当将其限制在一定范围,否则难免会影响公民权力的自主行使和有效行使。     

关于民事公诉的若干思考

一、民事公诉的设置 民事公诉是指检察机关对于特定范围内的某些涉及重大国家利益、社会公共利益及有关公民重要权利的民事案件,在无人起诉或当事人不愿诉、不敢诉、不能诉、怠于起诉的情况下,向法院提起民事诉讼,主动追究违法者的民事责任,以保护国家、社会和公民的合法权益.     

论我国民事公诉与抗诉监督的辩证关系

民事检察制度是民事诉讼的一项重要制度,当今各国立法中均对检察机关参与或提起民事诉讼做出规定。我国法律没有赋予检察机关完整的民事公诉权,而只规定了检察机关对民事案件的抗诉监督权。民事公诉的缺失和抗诉监督的薄弱使我国民事检察制度存在诸多理论和实践上的问题。本文指出通过对国内外民事诉讼检察制度的比较分析以及结合我国制度现状,可以重新整合民事公诉与抗诉监督的关系,以民事诉权为基础,构建我国以民事公诉为主、抗诉监督为辅的民事诉讼检察制度。     

论我国民事公诉与抗诉监督的辨证关系

民事检察制度是民事诉讼的一项重要制度,当今各国立法中均对检察机关参与或提起民事诉讼做出规定.我国法律没有赋予检察机关完整的民事公诉权,而只规定了检察机关对民事案件的抗诉监督权.民事公诉的缺失和抗诉监督的薄弱使我国民事检察制度存在诸多理论和实践上的问题.本文指出通过对国内外民事诉讼检察制度的比较分析以及结合我国制度现状,可以重新整合民事公诉与抗诉监督的关系,以民事诉权为基础,构建我国以民事公诉为主、抗诉监督为辅的民事诉讼检察制度.     

轻微刑事案件二元制起诉模式的修正

重新审视我国刑事案件的起诉模式,应当对自诉案件以外的轻微刑事案件引入民事诉讼的处理方式,赋予当事人在刑事诉讼中的实体处分权,明确检察机关在轻微刑事案件中的实体处分权,完善被害人自诉转公诉案件的法律救济机制,取消公诉转自诉案件,完善对自诉案件的法律监督机制,允许检察机关对特殊自诉案件提起公诉。     

公诉策略之运用及其底限

基于刑事诉讼的竞技性特征以及检察官的诉讼角色和任务,为求胜诉或规避诉讼风险,检察机关在提起公诉时一定会根据案件情况设计和采用相应的战略、战术,这就是公诉策略。实践中常见的公诉策略包括:分案起诉、选择起诉、突袭起诉、降格起诉以及撤回起诉。从司法实务中公诉策略运用的实效来评判,一方面,公诉策略的灵活运用,丰富了检察机关作为进攻一方的攻击手段,增强了检察机关公诉权运用的灵活性,规避了诉讼风险,增大了起诉成功率;但另一方面,公诉策略的非典型性和非常规性即其所谓打法律擦边球的特性,又使其发挥着双刃剑的功能。因此,公诉策略在运用中必须注意分寸和度的把握,不能逾越必要的限度,尤其是不能不择手段、不问是非、不惜代价地追求胜诉。基于此,一方面,我们应当适度容忍检察机关在起诉中对公诉策略的灵活运用,但另一方面,也应当为检察机关运用公诉策略设置必要的底限,以确保公诉策略的正当和妥当运用。     

检察机关在民事诉讼中的职权配置研究

作为国家的法律监督机关,检察机关参与民事诉讼是实现法律监督的重要途径和方式。应当明确检察机关在民事诉讼中具有多元化的参诉目的和不同的角色定位,明确检察机关可以以提起诉讼、参与诉讼和提出抗诉等多种方式参与民事诉讼,以便按照多元化的职权配置模式实现检察机关在民事诉讼中职权的科学配置。     

论检察机关支持起诉

支持起诉是我国民事诉讼法的一项原则,源自前苏联对民事诉讼的社会干预理论.但是对支持起诉作为民事诉讼基本原则的价值所在与制度构造,学界一直存在争议.目前,检察机关正在开展支持起诉的试点与探索,对此,有必要进行理论上的总结与分析.笔者主张对支持起诉原则进行改造,构建检察机关参与民事诉讼的制度.     

应然与实然的民事公诉权——探究民事公诉制度建构的理论基础

我国现行民事诉讼制度是以保护民事主体的民事权利为中心构建起来的。赋予检察机关民事公诉权，由检察机关作为（权利主体抽象、或者说缺位的）国家利益、社会公共利益、公众利益的代表，参与民事诉讼，具有坚实的法理基础与宪政基础。     

检察机关提起民事公益诉讼研究

建立由检察机关提起民事公益诉讼的制度现时已为大势所趋,而且在理论上进行深入分析,其实并无障碍,并已经具备了相应的实现条件和法理基础。当然,检察机关提起民事公益诉讼也需要确立相应的原则和准入条件,以确保该项制度效应的正常发挥。     

初论我国刑事诉讼中设立中间程序的合理性

公诉权从本质上来说是一种诉讼的请求权 ,作为一种公权力和诉权结合的权力形态 ,一方面要求从公益原则出发扩大公诉权自由裁量权的范围 ,以发挥非刑罚化矫正犯罪的功能 ,另一方面 ,为防止公诉权的滥用 ,必须使公诉权接受司法审查 ,以达到保障人权之功效。由于我国公诉审查机制存在严重的缺陷 ,难以发挥其应有的价值。因此 ,从总体上重构我国刑事审前程序 ,建立中间程序 ,发挥中间程序的多重价值功能 ,实现我国刑事诉讼程序的科学化、合理化。     

论破产法上债务人高管人员民事责任的追究

The Enterprise Bankruptcy Law has designed the regime for debtor’s senior managers to bear civil liabilities, while the framework design concerning the prosecution mechanism of civil liabilities is still unclear. How to establish a prosecution mechanism of civil liabilities of debtor’s senior managers in line with the purposes of the bankruptcy regime is a substantial issue during the implementation of Enterprise Bankruptcy Law. The realization of the civil liabilities regime of debtor’s senior managers depends on the establishment and operation of a relatively well-developed prosecution mechanism of civil liabilities. The focus of the prosecution mechanism of civil liabilities is to determine the subject of prosecution of civil liabilities, the way to realize civil liabilities, and the special hearing proceedings and authorities of the court. Taking steps to clarify and improve the prosecution mechanism of civil liabilities focusing on the subjects of prosecution (debtor’s senior managers) and authorities of the court, is the essence and systematic safeguard of realizing the civil liabilities regime of debtor’s senior managers in the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law. Gan Peizhong, Ph.D, is a professor of law and director of the Research Center for Enterprise and Company Law at Peking University. Prof. Gan is a recognized expert on economic law, company law, bankruptcy law and the reform of state-owned enterprises in China. He has released numerous articles on Chinese law journals and published many books. His major publications include Encyclopedia of Chinese Economic Law (vice editor-in-chief), New Studies on Economic Law (co-editor), New Studies on Enterprise Law (author), Studies on Chinese Economic Adjudication (editor-in-chief), Studies on Foreign Economic Law in Beijing (editor-in-chief), General Theories on Economic Law (co-editor), Legitimate Exercise of the Corporate Control Rights (author). Moreover, he was named the “leading young and middle-aged jurist” by Beijing Law Society in 1999. In addition, Prof. Gan is the deputy-president of the Securities Law Association, a member of the Standing Committee of the Economic Law Association under China Law Society. He also serves as the consultant of the Legislative Affairs Commission of the NPC Standing Committee and Beijing Municipal People’s Congress, as well as the Haidian District Court of Beijing.     

An overview of the judicial protection of patents in China

Legal context: The present paper introduces how the patent protection systemis organized in China and the competence of various administrativeand judicial instances is reviewed with case studies as illustrativeexamples. Key points: The article describes the patent grant (or refusal) procedureand the means available to an applicant to have a decision reviewed,as well as the prosecution of invalidity actions. Practical significance: Finally, the authors examine responses to patent counterfeitingthrough administrative proceedings along with their practicalimplications. This might possibly involve agreement betweenthe parties, and judicial actions, including both civil andcriminal proceedings.     

论民事诉讼立案审查制度

在民事诉讼中,对于当事人的起诉,国外大多数国家实行立案登记制度,我国实行程序审查和实体审查相结合的立案审查制度。这种制度存在很多弊端,有人主张废除该制度,实行立案登记制度。这种观点值得商榷,对现行程序审查和实体审查相结合的立案审查制度进行改良而不是全盘否定,似乎更符合我国的国情。     

Investigation and Prosecution of Large-scale Crimes at the International Level: The Experience of the ICTY

Although the prosecution of large-scale crimes at the internationallevel shares some similarities to the prosecution of organizedcrime at the national level, there are a number of importantdifferences that make the two areas hardly comparable. Two distinctivetraits of international criminal proceedings stand out in thisregard: (i) the lack of any enforcement agency that would allowprosecuting authorities to carry out investigations on the territoryof an interested state without its assistance and the absenceof a general power to carry out such arrests, which render statecooperation of prime importance and (ii) the fact that the proceduralmodel of international criminal tribunals is mixed containingelements of accusatorial (common law) as well as inquisitorial(civil law) systems. As far as prosecutions are concerned, usefulconcepts and procedures adopted from both legal traditions canbe found in the Statute, the Rules of Procedure and Evidenceas well as in the approach of prosecutors, defence counsel andjudges to the introduction of evidence and, more generally,to the manner in which proceedings are conducted. One of themain examples of this is the acceptance of proof of facts bymeans other than oral evidence as a result of the influenceof the civil law tradition, which has progressively made itsway in the procedural system of the International Criminal Tribunalfor the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Yet, on the other hand, somemethods normally resorted to in national criminal prosecutionmay turn out to be useful at the international level, such asresorting to insider witnesses. Although known to domestic systems,such practice may have a particular significance in the contextof the prosecution of international crimes. So have additionalforms of criminal participation (such as the notion of jointcriminal enterprise). Only a mixing of traditional and innovativeinvestigative tools and the proper balance of the differentlegal cultures can ensure effective prosecution of internationalcrimes.     

论刑事附带民事诉讼制度的立法完善——从被害人民事权益保障视角的思考

现行《刑事诉讼法》所规定的刑事附带民事诉讼制度,全面承袭了1979年《刑诉法》的相应规定,在刑事司法审判中已经明显不适应对于被害人权利保护的需要。充分保障被害人的权利,在程序上应当对于附带民事诉讼的受案范围;被害人提起附带民事诉讼的方式;被害人在诉讼中的权利和义务;附带民事诉讼中的反诉;撤回公诉以后附带民事诉讼的处理等等问题进行完善。在完善相应程序制度的方式上,应当通过立法修改的方式进行,而不是采用现行司法解释的方式。     

Digital evidence and ‘cloud’ computing

The term ‘cloud computing’ has begun to enter the lexicon of the legal world. The term is not new, but the implications for obtaining and retaining evidence in electronic format for the resolution of civil disputes and the prosecution of alleged criminal activities might be significantly affected in the future by ‘cloud’ computing. This article is an exploratory essay in assessing the effect that ‘cloud’ computing might have on evidence in digital format in criminal proceedings in the jurisdiction of England & Wales.     

刑事自诉制度研究

我国在刑事起诉制度上实行以公诉为主、自诉为辅的原则。1996年修正后的刑事诉讼法大幅度扩张了刑事自诉案件的范围,致使我国自诉制度在刑事起诉制度中的地位和作用明显得以提升。在这一背景下,我国刑事自诉制度中应解决的问题也越来越多并日渐凸现了出来,亟需研究、完善。     

新《民事诉讼法》图景下我国民事检察制度研究——以中美民事检察类型化分析为切入点

民事检察是检察机关参与民事诉讼活动的一项重要制度安排,几乎各国法律都有涉及,新修改的《民事诉讼法》为我国民事检察之发展注入了新血液,在这些新的变化中我们看到了以美国为代表的西方民事检察制度的元素与影子,更看到了不同文化背景下,中西方民事检察之间的互通,即我国民事检察制度正逐步向着维护公共利益的方向拓展、向着多元化的方向延伸、向着开放性的方向变化,这些正是此次新《民事诉讼法》给予我国民事检察制度最新的诠释。