嫖宿幼女罪存废之再思考

从犯罪构成来看,刑法第236条强奸罪第2款明确规定对"奸淫幼女"情形"以强奸论",此规定决定了嫖宿幼女罪是包含在强奸罪中的,嫖宿幼女的行为性质即强奸幼女,两罪属于法条竞合。从法定刑来看,嫖宿幼女罪实际比"奸淫幼女"情形下的强奸罪低,且在"奸淫幼女情节恶劣"、"奸淫幼女多人"等情况下并未设置相应的更严厉刑罚,因此根据法条竞合"重法优于轻法"的处理原则,嫖宿幼女罪的存在缺乏法理依据。从是否承认幼女性自主权和性决定权来看,强奸罪一律否定,而嫖宿幼女罪却予之肯定,态度前后冲突、自相矛盾,严重损害了刑法的严谨性和权威性。从立法初衷来看,嫖宿幼女罪对幼女的性生理和性心理未进行严格保护,而仅是有限保护,该罪设立而致的立法冲突同时也导致了司法实务的混乱和未成年幼女的"污名化",实行效果堪忧。     

强奸罪与嫖宿幼女罪的关系

如何理解奸淫幼女型强奸罪与嫖宿幼女罪的关系,刑法理论存在多种解释方案。在立法论上,可以从两罪法条竞合但刑罚轻重失序的角度展开修法必要性的论证。在解释论上,无论是将两罪解释为法条竞合进而主张“重法优于轻法”或者主张想象竞合犯而“从一重罪处罚”,在法理上都难以自洽。较为妥当的解释方案是,缺乏有效同意是强奸罪的构成要件要素,具备有效同意则是嫖宿幼女罪的构成要件要素,因此两罪是互斥关系。同意效力判断的关键在于幼女是否属于具备性同意能力的卖淫幼女。这不仅能够合理说明类法益对刑法章节设置的指导意义,而且有利于维持保护幼女与保障人权之间的平衡。     

从释义《惩治性侵未成年人意见》第20条论及嫖宿幼女罪的存废与适用问题

近期,最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、司法部四机关联合颁布了《关于依法惩治性侵未成年人犯罪的意见》,其中第20条涉及到了嫖宿幼女罪和强奸罪中"奸淫幼女"的关系问题。笔者通过论析嫖宿幼女罪的构成要件及其与强奸罪的关系认为,第20条规定的行为本身就不符合嫖宿幼女罪构成,但因司法实务中易被误判为嫖宿幼女罪,才以司法指导性意见的形式强调该行为只能认定为强奸罪,但该规定并没有要悬空嫖宿幼女罪罪名的意思。由此,笔者进一步阐述了对嫖宿幼女罪存废的观点,并以"量刑反制定罪"思维分析了嫖宿幼女罪和强奸罪在司法适用中的罪名认定问题,以此论证嫖宿幼女罪独立存在的价值。     

嫖宿幼女行为适用法条新论

规定嫖宿幼女罪的法条与规定奸淫幼女型强奸罪的法条是特别法条与普通法条的关系。嫖宿幼女罪是奸淫幼女犯罪的特别犯中的减轻犯。对嫖宿幼女的犯罪,只能适用嫖宿幼女罪的法条定罪处罚。对嫖宿幼女多人、2人以上轮流嫖宿幼女或者有其他嫖宿幼女严重情节的案件,不能按奸淫幼女型强奸罪定罪处罚。只要将嫖宿幼女罪的侵害对象限定在以卖淫为业的幼女(即"雏妓")的范围内,并严格按刑法的相关规定和定罪量刑的原理原则处理案件,轻纵犯罪的问题就不会发生。     

存与废:嫖宿幼女罪罪名设立之审视

一、法条竞合条件下应依嫖宿幼女罪定罪(一)嫖宿幼女罪的涵摄范围根据《刑法》第360条第2款的规定,嫖宿幼女罪,是指嫖宿不满14周岁的幼女的行为。由于这一罪状属于简单罪状,因而,要明确嫖宿幼女罪的涵摄范围,必须明确嫖宿的涵义。对于嫖宿,刑法理论上主要有以下三种不同的理解:第一种观点认为,嫖宿,是指行为人     

嫖宿幼女罪的一个反思性批判

嫖宿幼女行为是一种严重侵犯幼女身心健康的犯罪行为。1997年《刑法》则在其第360条第2款中增设了嫖宿幼女罪。然而,这一良好的初衷却因立法技术的原因导致其功能出现异化现象,主要表现为:放纵了犯罪分子;转嫁了道义责难;违背了公约精神。鉴于嫖宿幼女罪存在的严重问题,理论界形成了两派完善观点,即"解释完善论"和"废除构成论"。嫖宿幼女罪的立法价值是将幼女的身心健康和正常发育置于首要位置,嫖宿幼女行为应当按照奸淫幼女型强奸罪论处。     

浅析嫖宿幼女罪存与废

嫖宿幼女罪正式出现于1997年的刑法中,与原来刑法中的强奸罪相区别,成为了单行的刑法。从法条诞生之日起,此罪就一直处于舆论的风口浪尖上。有学者从解释论,再到立法论的法学态度,主张尊重现行法律。社会公众则一致指责嫖宿幼女罪为放纵对幼女犯罪的恶法。由于近年频发的嫖宿幼女行为,社会舆论存废之争再度被提起,法工委也已就嫖宿幼女罪的存废展开社会调研。本文旨在通过对嫖宿幼女罪的前世今生,犯罪构成,以及存在的问题分析来论述嫖宿幼女罪的存与废。     

论刑法存设嫖宿幼女罪的合理性

所谓"污名化"的"卖淫幼女"帽子,在嫖宿幼女罪中并不存在。嫖宿幼女罪与奸淫幼女型强奸罪之间的区别,表现为对幼女的侵害方式不同。两罪的罪质在犯罪模式和犯罪类型两方面具有极大差异。幼女在性交易活动中不可能成为卖方,只可能成为交易对象。卖方的责任更重。保留嫖宿幼女罪,有利于追究性交易中真正的卖方的刑事责任并予以从重处罚。     

浅析强奸罪——以被告人沈某某强奸案为例

我国刑法第236条第二款规定,奸淫不满十四周岁幼女的,以强奸论,从重处罚,而强奸罪的量刑幅度为三年以上十年以下有期徒刑（不考虑加重处罚的情形）。刑法第360条第二款规定,嫖宿幼女的,处五年以上有期徒刑,并处罚金。抗诉机关认为奸淫幼女的犯罪显然要重于嫖宿幼女的犯罪,以此认为奸淫幼女的处罚不应低于嫖宿幼女的处罚。用嫖宿幼女罪的量刑基准来类推适用,不利于被告人的类推解释,是被罪刑法定原则所禁止的错误的观点。本文以被告人沈某某强奸案为例,简要分析了强奸罪。     

嫖宿幼女罪保护法益的正本清源——兼谈嫖宿幼女罪未来的修法方向

嫖宿幼女罪保护的并非"社会善良风俗"、"保护幼女"的社会观念或者"禁止卖淫嫖娼"的社会管理秩序等社会法益,也不宜界定为"身心健康"或者"健全人格养成"等个人法益。从本罪应然的立法目的考量,应当将其保护的法益界定为"性生理、心理的健全成长权",而且,嫖宿幼女这一客观的行为模式也不足以导致对其需要单独制罪,因此,应当将本罪回归由奸淫幼女型强奸罪和猥亵儿童罪进行规制,同时考虑到新旧法之间的衔接以及幼女卖淫的特殊动态,建议在强奸罪和猥亵儿童罪中增设对嫖宿幼女行为的相应规定。     

Crime Reporting Decisions and the Costs of Crime

The paper develops a model of crime reporting based on an economic approach. It identifies the principal costs and benefits of reporting from the victim’s perspective, taking account of insurance provision and the risk of intimidation by an offender. It shows how a victim might use backward induction to infer a rational reporting strategy. The recording of crime by the police is a process that relies on victim reports, and is thus influenced by the reporting decisions made by victims. The paper uses empirical evidence from the British Crime Survey and from the International Crime Victims Survey to explore the hypotheses generated by the model. It finds support for the suggestion that the propensity to report a crime increases with the size of the loss entailed. The paper also explores the implications of the findings for the estimation of the costs of crime. Reporting and intimidation costs are generally excluded from bottom-up estimates of costs, an omission that may be quite serious in the context of offences such as domestic violence.     

论独立教唆犯之犯罪预备性——以我国刑法第29条第2款的规定为视角

独立教唆犯是预备犯,这是因为,从教唆行为的本质上看,教唆行为是教唆者所教唆之罪的犯罪预备行为,且这种犯罪预备行为的本身在法律上不具有正当性。为了尽早阻断教唆行为对法益的破坏作用,有的国家在刑法总则中对独立教唆犯予以原则性地处罚规定,采取的是非独立预备犯的立法模式,将犯罪构成要件的可罚性前置化。采取独立预备犯立法技术的国家,在刑法分则中为一些独立教唆行为规定了特定的犯罪构成要件,使一些教唆行为成为其相应的犯罪构成要件的实行行为,但不是教唆者所教唆之罪的犯罪实行行为。     

危险驾驶罪共同犯罪问题研究

作为故意犯罪,危险驾驶罪理应存在共同犯罪的情形.机动车驾驶者之间以及非机动车驾驶者与机动车驾驶者之间均有可能构成危险驾驶罪的共犯.暗中帮助他人危险驾驶的行为人应构成危险驾驶罪的片面共犯,而不知情的危险驾驶者则应单独构成危险驾驶罪.在间接正犯和单独不作为犯的情况下,非机动车驾驶者应单独构成危险驾驶罪.危险驾驶者的同饮者、劝酒者、同乘者以及饭店、酒吧等酒水提供者均不应构成危险驾驶罪的共犯.     

关于贪污罪的共同犯罪问题研究

一、共同贪污犯罪成立的条件根据《刑法》规定,共同犯罪是指二人以上共同故意犯罪。共同贪污犯罪是指两个以上具备贪污罪主体资格的人,利用职务便利或者具备贪污罪主体资格的人与不具备贪污罪主体资格的人利用具备贪污罪主体资格的人的职务便利,而共同故意实施贪污行为的犯罪。     

危险犯既遂后的中止问题研究

按照通说,危险犯在法定危险状态形成后行为人又主动采取措施排除其造成的危险状态是不成立犯罪中止,但这一通说却也面临许多质疑。按照我国中止的立法规定、犯罪构成、危险犯的特性来看,危险犯在达至既遂状态后成立犯罪中止完全具有合理性且是危险犯的中止而不是实害犯的中止,从刑事政策的角度来看也给了犯罪人回头是岸的机会,也保护了面临犯罪侵害的合法权益。     

Affairs of the Heart: Hate Crime and the Politics of Crime Control

Various scholars have noted the priority given to law in the politics of hate violence; violence is the problem and law, more specifically the criminal law, the solution at the ‘heart’ of society. This article seeks to explore some of the gaps and silences in the existing literature and politics that mobilize these ideas and associations. It is the gap sand silences associated with demands for and expectations of criminal justice that will be the particular concern of this article. The demand for law is examined by way of David Garland's recent work on the culture of crime control. His work offers an analysis of the contemporary place of crime control in Anglo-American liberal democracies. A distinctive feature of his analysis is to be found in the way it maps an important paradox of contemporary crime control; its political centrality and an increasing recognition of its limitations. Garland's ‘criminology of the self’ and the ‘criminology of the other’ raise some important challenges for those who advocate resort to crime control. My particular concern is to consider the significance of Garland's work for a contemporary sexual politics that puts violence and criminal justice at the heart of that politics. Feminist, gay and lesbian scholarship first on criminal justice and second, on violence and law will be used to develop a critical dialogue with Garland's analysis and to reflect upon the challenges raised by his insights into contemporary crime control. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

行政犯与二元化犯罪模式

刑事犯与行政犯的类型划分已成为犯罪分类中的一个固定范武,如何在认知行政犯之本质的基础上设置行政犯的犯罪模式,这就不仅关系到刑法的控制效果,而且还关系到刑法的科学发展.作为"先抑后扬"的二元化犯罪模式,不仅能够满足刑法上设置行政犯之目的诉求,而且较好地体现了刑法谦抑原则,因而是行政犯之犯罪模式的理性选择.所以未来的刑法修正案应适当扩展二元化犯罪模式的存在范围,具体可以考虑在纯正的贪利性行政犯中实行.     

Constructing Crime against the Elderly in Swedish Crime Prevention Campaigns

The study investigates how crime prevention activities frame the problem of crime against the elderly, regarding character, causes, effects and solutions. Data was collected through participant observations, interviews and analysis of a film produced by a local crime prevention council in Sweden. It is concluded that crime prevention for seniors produces complex and contradicting images of the problem. In situational crime prevention seniors are warned to look out for strangers stalking them or trying to access their homes. Statements that victimization is uncommon among the old are combined with warnings that invoke images of mysterious ever-present perpetrators. In social crime prevention, where causes and interventions of crime are discussed, crime prevention officers link the problem to established social problems such as drug abuse and juvenile delinquency. This way of framing the problem is typical for a Swedish Social Democratic perspective, where lack of community and integration are defined as causes of social problems. It is concluded that warnings to look out for strangers who ask for help may be at odds with this striving towards community.