流动人口犯罪的社会学思考

流动人口进入城市后环境的改变,原有的传统准则失效以及社会管理和控制能力弱化等因素,导致其违法犯罪明显上升,加强流动人口管理的制度性建设和改善,促进农村剩余劳动力合理、有序的转移,优化进城农民社会心理环境,是控制和减少流动人口犯罪的有效对策。     

基于儒学视角提升人口素质的对策建议——以吉林省为个案研究

人口问题特别是人口素质是影响整个社会经济协调发展的重要因素。本文以吉林省为个案,通过阐述人口数量和质量对社会经济的影响,从吉林省人口现状出发,将其人口数量、质量与江苏省和全国现状进行比较分析。在此基础上,针对吉林省人口素质方面现存的问题,基于儒学视角对人口素质的提升提出对策和建议。     

流动人口刑事被害人及被害预防

流动人口构成犯罪被害的高危群体,因此对其进行积极有效的被害预防将对整个社会的犯罪预防和治安状况的好转起到非常重要的作用。从被害人角度看待流动人口在刑事案件中所处的角色从发,结合被害人学的相关理论和流动人口被害的实证统计,分析流动人口被害原因包括社会原因、环境原因和个人原因的基础上,这样的被害预防对策可能更有效。     

Population affinities of 19th Century Cuban crania: implications for identification criteria in South Florida Cuban Americans

Identification criteria, specifically discriminant function formulae derived from traditional craniometrics, currently used in South Florida for Cuban Americans and other "Hispanic" groups, are unsuitable to provide adequate biological profiles due to complex biological histories as well as widely diverse geographic origins. Florida's total population is approximately 16 million (15,982,378) individuals. Of the total population 2.682,715, or 16.8%, are self-identified as "Hispanic". South Florida (herein defined as Miami-Dade, Broward and Collier Counties) is home to 60% of the total Hispanic population of Florida with 1,291,737 (48.15%) residing in Miami-Dade County. The Hispanic population of Miami-Dade County makes up 57.0% of the total population of 2,253,362. Each recognized sub-group of Hispanics (Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban) includes its own geographic point-of-origin and population history. Cuban-Americans (arriving in the late 1950's and early 1960's) make up the largest sub-population of Florida's Hispanics in any county and in Miami-Dade number 650,601 or 51% of the total Latin population. Additionally, as in other agricultural states, Florida has a very large population of undocumented workers who primarily arrive from Texas and points south of the Straits of Florida. Thus the application of the available traditional craniometric and non-metric methods are not appropriate for South Florida's Latin population. To begin to address this issue in relation to South Florida's Cuban population, we present an analysis of cranio-facial shape variation in a 19th Century Cuban sample, 17th Century Spanish sample, a Precontact Cuban sample, and Terry Blacks using geometric morphometric methods. Significant biological shape differences and patterns of variation are observed among the groups. These results provide us with a context in which to begin to understand the biological variation of Cuban Americans, which will enable the development of identification criteria specific for this U.S. hybrid Hispanic community.     

广西地区壮族人群17个STR基因座遗传多态性研究

目的调查广西地区壮族人群17个STR基因座遗传多态性,为法医物证鉴定和群体遗传研究提供基础数据。方法收集2624份广西地区壮族人群无关个体样本采用Chelex-100提取样本DNA,用PowerPlex■18D System试剂盒进行PCR扩增及检测,计算群体遗传学参数。结果17个常染色体STR基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(P>0.05),共检测出235个等位基因,971种基因型,累积个体识别率(TDP)为0.999999999999999,累积非父排除率(CPE)为0.999999772。结论17个STR基因座在广西地区壮族人群中具有较好的遗传多态性,可以用于法医学中个体识别和亲权鉴定,也可用于群体遗传学及法医学研究。     

Analysis of 15 autosomal STR loci in the population of the State of Acre,Brazilian Amazonia

Acre was the last state of Brazil to be inhabited by non-indigenous individuals. The aim of this study was to calculate the allele frequencies of 15 STR loci in 503 unrelated individuals living in Acre, as well as to estimate statistical parameters of forensic interest. The Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium test performed in the overall sample, as well as population comparisons between sub-samples from the five regions in Acre did not reveal the presence of population substructure. This is the first report of STR data in this population and the results showed that a single database is suitable for all the regions analyzed.     

Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Gypsy population from Portugal

We analyzed 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in a population sample of 126 unrelated Portuguese Gypsies. Fifty three different haplotypes were found, three represented with considerable high frequencies (≥8.7%). The percentage of unique haplotypes (71.2%) was rather low as well as haplotype diversity (94.37%). In the comparison with available Portuguese population data and with those from other Gypsy and general population samples from Bulgaria, Lithuania and Spain, our sample showed significant differences in comparison with the general population data from Portugal, Spain and Bulgaria. Significant differences were observed with Bulgarian Gypsies, but not with the Spanish or Lithuanian groups. The Gypsy populations from Portugal, Spain and Bulgaria were found to be more closely related to each other than with the general population from their own countries.     

人口老龄化的机遇与挑战

今年是国际老人年,人口老龄化已成为一个世界性问题。人口老龄化对社会经济发展既有不利的影响,同时也孕育了巨大的商业机会。本文主要分析中国的人口老龄化不同于其他国家的特点和人口老龄化对我国社会经济发展的挑战以及商业机会,指出通过发展老龄产业,将会创造出新的经济增长点。     

浅谈对外来人口的指纹建档

指纹档案是情报资料的重要组成部分,已成为侦破各类犯罪案件的有效侦查手段。然而,在外来人口数量猛增,犯罪人数逐年增多,犯罪率居高不下的形势下,只建立违法犯罪人员的指纹档案,已适应不了新形势下的外来人口犯罪的控制和打击,而我国短期内还不能建立全民指纹档案,因此,有必要建立外来人口指纹档案。而且,现代科学技术也为外来人口指纹的采集、建库、识别等各个管理环节,提供了物质、技术方面的保障。     

Demographic changes in european industrializing towns

Large databases assembled for industrializing European cities now permit crosscultural comparisons of populations that underwent demographic changes as a result of the industrialization process in the nineteenth century. The article draws into a comparative framework communities in France, Sweden, and Belgium, and compares their population development during early industrialization when population growth was rapid (paroxysmal). Special attention is paid to household structure, infant, and child mortality, and differential behaviors of “immigrant” and “native” populations. Finally, the article offers a general model population change during early industrialization as a comparative framework for future research.     

Federal funding formulas and the 1980 census

Distribution of federal funds has achieved equal status with Congressional reapportionment as a motivation and justification for the Census of Population and Housing. This article describes the effects that U.S. population redistribution during the 1970s, as measured by the 1980 Census, will have on the spatial distribution of federal grants-in-aid provided to state and local governments through programs with formula-based funding systems. The conclusion is that funding changes will not match population changes. The overall redistribution of federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments occurring in response to incorporation of 1980 Census population counts into federal funding formulas will be far less than the level of population redistribution since 1970. Use of intercensal data, formula specifications, limited geographic specificity in many formula allocations, and nonformula determinants of formula-based grants all weaken the relationship between Census-measured population change and the receipt of federal funds at the local level. Despite all the intervening factors, it is probably that in many programs there will be some redistribution of funds when the 1980 Census counts are incorporated into the allocation formulas. But the importance of measurement errors and threshold and reclassification effects may equal that of true population change in determining the funds received by local communities.     

Demographic changes in european industrializing towns: Examples and Elements for Comparison

Large databases assembled for industrializing European cities now permit crosscultural comparisons of populations that underwent demographic changes as a result of the industrialization process in the nineteenth century. The article draws into a comparative framework communities in France, Sweden, and Belgium, and compares their population development during early industrialization when population growth was rapid (paroxysmal). Special attention is paid to household structure, infant, and child mortality, and differential behaviors of “immigrant” and “native” populations. Finally, the article offers a general model population change during early industrialization as a comparative framework for future research.     

Comparative morphometric evaluation of permanent mandibular molar dentition of plain and hilly (Momba/Mongoloid) populations of eastern Indian states

Morphometric comparative field studies were conducted of the permanent molars of plain people of Eastern India and Momba/Mongoloid population of eastern-most hill people known as Momba and claimed as Mongoloid. The data obtained was found very useful to distinguish and identify the two great neighbouring Asian people comprising one third of the total World human population.     

用VBA语言开发群体遗传学统计分析软件

目的开发适用于短串联重复序列(STR)基因座群体遗传学统计分析的软件,促进和加快STR基因座群体遗传学基础研究。方法选用简单易用的MicrosoftVBAforExcel语言,利用宏功能,开发STR基因座群体遗传学统计分析软件。结果开发建立了基于VBA语言的“群体遗传学分析易”软件,能进行STR基因座群体遗传学分析。结论开发的基于VBA语言的“群体遗传学分析易”软件,具有计算统计功能完善、输入格式兼容性好、使用方便、输出格式清晰易懂的特点,可在国内外STR基因座群体遗传学研究领域推广应用。     

Statistical Societies of Interchangeable Lives

This article proposes an understanding of the structure of the social bond based on statistics and risk calculations about death and disease rates. These calculations predict with almost mathematical certainty that a specified impersonal portion of a given population will develop a mortal disease, such as cancer, or suffer a fatal accident, such as car or plane accidents. Consequently, every individual member of that population who actually dies of those causes, dies in the place of all the other members of the same population who could have probably died in her place but actually did not; thus, she offers to all of them the gift of death. All members of a population/society (statistical populations are the societies of modernity) are, therefore, tied together within a sacrificial bond of health and disease, life and death. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Suicide on death row

The suicide rate on death row for the period 1976 through 1999 was found to be high (113 per 100,000 per year), some five times higher than the suicide rate for the male population of the United States. The death row suicide rate was predicted by features of the death row population (negatively with the population on death row) and by social indicators of the society as a whole (negatively with birth and divorce rates and positively with marriage rates).     

A survey of data sources for studies of family and population in Korean history

Compared to China and Japan, family and population studies of pre-modern Korea have not been widely available to scholars outside Korea. As a necessary step to increase scholarship in Korean historical demography, we introduce major historical materials currently available in Korea as useful for historical studies, summarizing demographic variables provided, the type of population covered, and the historical period referred in those historical materials. In particular, we focus on genealogies and household registers that provide demographic information of Korean population before the 20th century. We describe major features of those Korean materials as demographic sources, highlighting similarities and differences as compared to corresponding Chinese historical materials. Korean historical data showing their unique features, along with comparability with other East Asian data, have potential to expand the field of historical demography in East Asia.     

Alien encounters: The jus soli and reproductive politics in the 19th-century fortress and colony of Gibraltar

In a place where land was scarce and military security paramount, population growth was perceived as Gibraltar's most insidious curse. While British law protected the rightful residence of those who were recognized by the early 19th century definition of Gibraltar “native,” colonial authorities realized that the local population was also increasing by other means. The tenet of the jus soli became one of Gibraltar's most notable weaknesses in attempting to control local population growth. Laws were enacted in a patchwork fashion, attempting to defeat any loopholes that might encourage large-scale immigration and the birth of alien offspring on the Rock. So far as alien/alien unions were concerned, the laws were straightforward, but problems ultimately arose for those local women and men who married aliens and who intended to remain in Gibraltar. Concerns over alien contributions to population growth seemed to reach crisis proportions in the 1860s and 1870s, but thereafter the burdens and difficulties imposed on that portion of the local population that opted to marry out eased substantially under the authority of a new governor.     

Population genetic studies: is there an emerging legal obligation to share benefits?

It appears that large-scale population genetic studies are the necessary next step in genomics research. Such studies promise to provide correlative data to permit researchers to understand the etiology of a vast array of complex human diseases. Simultaneously, such studies are increasingly seen as yet another mechanism for the developed world to benefit at the expense of the developing world. In fact, a recent World Health Organization Report suggests that "without explicit attention at the international level, the initial technological fruits of genomics are likely to consist primarily of therapeutic and diagnostic applications for conditions affecting large populations in rich countries." (World Health Organization, Genomics and World Health, 2002). In developed and developing countries alike, there are concerns that the pharmaceutical industry stands to gain at the expense of the population(s) from which population genetic data are derived. In light of the current interest concerning ongoing population genetic studies and an increasing interest by many countries, Canada included, in embarking on large-scale population genetic research, it is appropriate to consider the concept of benefit-sharing as a potential mechanism to assuage these concerns. It is the author's position that by virtue of common law equitable principles and developing norms in international law, including the Human Genome Organization Statement on Benefit-Sharing, that there are principled legal and ethical reasons to compel the sharing of benefits that accrue from the commercialization of the resulting data. Using the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and the Bonn Guidelines as a model, I suggest that appropriate benefit-sharing mechanisms have been considered in the context of non-human biological materials and that these same mechanisms may be applicable in the context of international and intra-national population genetic studies.