中美省、州级政府间应急管理协作比较研究--以“泛珠三角”和 EMAC 为例

当前，各类突发事件呈现出跨部门、跨区域的特点，由单一部门或地方政府来应对如此复杂的突发事件显然非常困难，因此应当破除传统“行政区行政”的治理理念，采取区域协同合作行为，发挥自身的优势，借助相互的资源，共同抵御灾难。我国应急管理政府间合作主要集中在省级政府，因此建立健全省级政府应急管理协作机制具有重要意义。通过比较研究我国的《泛珠三角区域内地九省（区）应急管理合作协议》与美国的《州际应急管理互助协议》（EMAC）在体制、法制和机制三个方面的差异，发现我国省级政府的应急管理行政合作协议存在缺乏独立权威的协调管理机构、缺乏法律保障和法律权威、跨区域应急预案体系与灾后补偿机制亟需完善、人才队伍建设任重道远等问题，要借鉴 EMAC 的先进经验，结合现实国情完善我国省级政府间应急管理协同合作。     

论第三部门与社会管理职能

转型期的中国需要强化政府的社会管理职能 ,但并不意味着政府是社会管理职能发挥的唯一和最好主体 ,文章阐述了第三部门参与政府社会管理职能具有的功能、优势以及存在的问题 ,进而原则性地提出了充分发挥第三部门社会管理职能的对策。     

从政府购买养老服务看政府与社会组织的协同关系

政府购买养老服务是政府实现养老社会化的重要方式之一,其社会功能的积极发挥倚重于政府与社会组织之间良好的协同关系。理论上,两者应该是互惠共赢的协同关系,但是实践中两者关系却不甚融洽,存在着社会组织与政府非合作博弈造成的财政资源浪费,政府对社会组织项目评估过于形式化造成的运营成本增加,以及政府对养老类社会组织开展项目实施过程支持不足而导致的项目效果欠佳等一系列问题。因此,应增强社会组织竞争能力以改变两者之间的非合作博弈关系,优化项目评估模式以消除原有评估形式化的弊端,落实政府责任以加强政府对养老类服务项目实施过程的支持。     

循环经济时代政府管理角色定位

循环经济时代社会治理范围的扩大与公共管理的强化,以及公共福利涵义的拓展,要求政府重新确立管理角色。同时,也要求扩展政府管理角色理论的研究领域,使之不再局限于政府与市场的关系或者为追求一般意义上的 GDP 增长率而定位,而是要围绕社会的可持续发展以及从边际上为公众提供福利与生活环境、治理人类与自然之间的矛盾等问题作为自身存在的价值。在新的历史条件下,政府既要寻求一种公众与自然的伙伴关系和合作互助的新途径,又要进行社会事业改革。在多渠道治理结构中积极创新基本职能和确立领导社会发展的形式,加强合作协调机制以引导社会各种力量控制人类社会经济发展活动中形形色色的无形成本。在社会经济发展与资源可持续利用、生态环境平衡之间找到对接点,既体现发展的一面,又重视互补性,实现社会经济、合理利用资源与生态环境的共生联动,构建一个全新的公共治理体系。     

社会资本与高绩效的政府管理

社会资本强调公民之间非正式的参与网络以及体现在这些参与中的规范，包括人们相互之间的信任、互惠、社会关系、合作网络、公共精神等等。高绩效的政府管理以丰裕充沛的社会资本为基础，如果社会资本存量不足，高绩效的政府管理也就无从谈起。本文在揭示高绩效的政府管理与社会资本的逻辑关联性之后，分析了目前我国社会资本发育的现状及其对创建高绩效政府组织的制约，针对性地提出要通过推动和发展社会资本来实现我国高绩效政府管理的设想。     

限制性困境与适应性创新:对一个新的社会管理机构的组织分析

本文以中国第一个以社会管理命名的实体———＂北京市朝外地区社会管理中心＂为对象展开组织分析。社会管理中心是GONGO,它依赖政府机构,采取类直线式职能制组织结构,在编制、岗位、角色方面＂官＂与＂民＂交叉组合,在运行理念上,注重同质性社会资本但忽视异质性社会资本的利用。该组织在政府和群众谁是组织的主要受益者问题上存在冲突与博弈。这一新的社会管理组织模式,反映了政府的非政府管理理念。它促使我们进一步探讨与现行行政管理体制相匹配的社会管理组织形式。北京市朝外地区社会管理中心就是在资源限制性环境中的一种适应性创新模式。通过组织分析,本文发现该组织从一开始就在规范结构和行为结构之间存在不匹配问题,内部组织管理运行艰难,需要在发展中不断调整。限制性困境与适应性创新是中国特色的GONGO面临的共同问题。     

公共危机治理主体间逻辑关系

危机治理，包括以下涵义：首先，是指政府和社会组织为了实现危机化解与规避而对市场和社会进行干预的过程。其次，是指国家协调各种社会组织和个人实现危机的控制、转化，有效维护社会秩序，推进社会和谐发展的诸多方式的总和。而这其中就涉及到三个主体：国家的行政代表——政府、社会、公民个人以及它们之间的互动关系。囿于目前政府在处理公共危机中出现的低效率和高成本问题，在公共危机管理、资源供给等方面均在寻求多元化参与主体的需求，     

“国家—社会”视野中的社会组织管理创新

如何处理好政社关系是社会管理创新的一项重要指标。政社关系应有不同的形态,必然影响到国家对社会组织的管理模式。从国家—社会关系的视角看,存在政府主导型、社会组织自我管理与服务型、独立机构管理与服务三种模式。政府在社会管理创新中有自己的行动目标和逻辑,由此决定行动策略,进而影响到社会管理创新的程度。     

跨域危机整体性治理中的组织协调问题研究——基于组织间网络视角

跨域性特征对现代社会危机治理提出了更为严峻的挑战,是世界范围内应急管理领域所面临的重要问题。本文结合现代社会,尤其是中国转型期社会特点,对现代跨域危机内涵及其特点进行归纳,进而提出了跨域危机治理中存在的"碎片化"问题。在此基础上,结合具体案例对当前中国跨域危机治理问题进行分析,进而着重从信息、资源维度对其整体性治理问题进行阐释,认为不同组织在信息、资源整合中存在的问题是产生跨域危机治理"碎片化"问题的主要原因。因此,要实现跨域危机整体性治理,必须结合中国应急管理实际,以组织间网络视角从应急管理组织层面对"碎片化"环节成因进行分析。在前述分析基础上,本文认为跨域危机整体性治理实现的关键在于其治理网络中信息、资源整合问题,目前管理体制条块分割现实以及由此产生的专业部门隶属不同、管理层级复杂、多头指挥而产生的协调困难是"中国式碎片化"问题的根本原因。最终,本文构建了跨域危机治理网络分析模型,并对"碎片化"环节识别、整理以及跨域危机整体性治理实现对策等问题进行了探讨。     

人际信任:草根NGO与政府合作的核心要素研究——基于温州的实证分析

草根NGO与政府存在合作与非合作的两种关系。在我国,一般认为政府倾向于对草根NGO采取抑制、打压、取缔等多种方式限制其发展。但现实中依然有一些草根NGO与政府具有一定的合作关系。现有文献认为,相互间的信任、资源依赖以及组织功能是影响草根NGO与政府之间的合作的关键。温州"公益圈"草根NGO的访谈及问卷调查,对以上因素进行了验证。由此我们发现,相对于组织信任、资源依赖和组织功能,草根NGO负责人与政府部门主管官员的个人人际信任在草根NGO与政府合作中起核心作用。     

How Can Business Share Responsibility for Disaster Resilience?

This paper contributes to knowledge of disaster resilience policy implementation in Australia and proposes measures to strengthen partnerships between government and the business sector to enhance national disaster resilience capacity. In Australia, business makes a significant contribution to disaster relief and recovery. Even so, there are unexplored opportunities to enhance the role of business in disaster resilience, particularly through partnerships with government. The extent that state, regional and local‐level disaster plans engage business in disaster relief and recovery is described and their relatively less prominent involvement in disaster resilience is discussed. Examples of disaster resilience policies and their capacity to influence business practices to support disaster resilience are introduced with suggestions for how they can be enhanced. Some potential benefits and pitfalls of public–private sector collaboration are explored and it is noted that, in disaster resilience settings, these risks can be ameliorated through appropriate implementation.     

Do Political Similarities Facilitate Interlocal Collaboration?

This research examines the extent to which political similarities—that is, homophily between political actors at the local level—affect patterns of interorganizational collaboration in an emergency response situation. While the field of emergency management has focused on implementation‐oriented arrangements among key stakeholders, few studies have systemically investigated the creation and development of interorganizational collaborations led by political actors, especially following catastrophic events. The analysis reveals that a dyadic tie with political homophily boosts local responders’ ties with other agencies during emergencies. Findings indicate that political solidarity, formulated by chief elected officials of municipalities and council members, can broaden the scope of interorganizational collaboration by mitigating institutional collective action problems at the local level. This research presents a critical recommendation for emergency managers that interlocal collaboration for timely response to a disaster is attributable to political similarities that facilitate frequent interlocal interactions through formal and/or informal agreements.     

Interorganizational Collaborations for Humanitarian Aid: An Analysis of Partnership,Community, and Single Organization Outcomes

Abstract

This article explores collaborative activities across organizational and sectoral boundaries. Interorganizational collaborations are an increasingly common setup to address societal needs; however, current research lacks insights into such collaborations and their outcomes. This study contributes to the existing literature by assessing empirically perceptions of interorganizational collaboration outcomes, considering different dimensions that should be measured when planning and performing tasks of social interest. The article is set in the context of disaster relief, where actors from different humanitarian relief organizations within the public and nonprofit sector engage in collaborative activities. I describe how interorganizational collaborations create outcomes for (1) the partnership structure that is established, (2) single organizational members involved in the collaborative activity, and (3) the community targeted by the interorganizational operation.     

Antecedents or Processes? Determinants of Perceived Effectiveness of Interorganizational Collaborations for Public Service Delivery

ABSTRACT

This article introduces a framework of antecedents, processes, and perceived outcomes to evaluate interorganizational collaborations for children and family service delivery in Los Angeles County, California. The results showed that resource acquisitions, organizational legitimacy, partner characteristics, and supply-side preconditions for collaboration could affect perceived collaboration outcomes. The effects of most of antecedents on perceived outcomes were, however, mediated by collaborative processes and perceived effectiveness of collaborative ventures were mainly premised on the existence of processes for leveraging resources and building trust between partners.     

The Social Capital of Global Ties in Science: The Added Value of International Collaboration

The globalization of science is demonstrated in the mobility of scientists across national boundaries, the composition of the U.S. scientific workforce, and increased collaboration across national boundaries. While studies based on bibliometric and other data have been useful in identifying trends, collaborative clusters, and other patterns in international collaboration, they do not reveal the social dynamics behind those collaborations. This paper addresses the human and social capital factors that explain whether or not an academic researcher in science and engineering has an international collaborator. Further, through detailed statistical models, the analysis also addresses the factors that differentiate the specific resources derived from those international ties. Results show that non‐U.S. citizens are more likely to have close international collaborators, but that a range of factors explain this relationship. Further, results show that U.S. academic faculty mobilize different collaborative resources from international collaborators, versus their domestic collaborators.     

突发公共事件应急管理研究中的重要科学问题

当今,各类突发公共事件已成为构建和谐社会的重要隐患,引起了社会各界的广泛关注.认为,加强突发公共事件应急管理中的科学问题研究是我国社会经济发展过程中产生的重大现实需求,对于建立和发展富有中国特色的应急管理理论以及相应的学科体系具有重要的科学意义;在此基础上,将突发公共事件应急管理中的科学问题归纳为突发公共事件应急管理体系建设战略研究、典型突发公共事件危机/灾害的机理机制研究、突发公共事件的监测预警研究、应急资源管理理论与技术研究、突发公共事件的认知与决策行为研究、突发公共事件的模拟仿真研究、突发公共事件的应急管理系统研究以及突发公共事件的后评估与重建研究,并对其研究现状和发展趋势进行了扼要的回顾和展望;最后建议国家有关部门设立重大研究计划以便加强研究力度,并就如何提炼和组织其中的科学问题提出了一些建议,可为我国开展突发公共事件应急管理中的科学问题研究提供参考.     

Symbolic Legitimacy of Social Ordering and Conflict Settlement Practices: The Role of Collective Identities in Local Politics of Tajikistan

ABSTRACT

Collective identities like Islamic, kinship and geographical affiliations commit people to norms and practices of social ordering and influence their everyday practices. This article discusses how collective identities commit people in southern Tajikistan to patriarchal and authoritarian ordering and conflict settlement in view of unequal and contested distribution of power. A commitment to such illiberal norms and practices legitimises an exploitation of marginalised people. It discredits and prevents their discontent, court deals or open resistance. Furthermore, patriarchal and authoritarian conflict management ostracises rivals and/or suppresses those who criticise a hierarchical distribution of resources, co-optation deals, and patron-client exchanges.     

Developing Practice‐Oriented Theory on Collaboration: A Paradox Lens

Collaboration is present throughout public administration as a means to address social issues that sit in the interorganizational domain. Yet research carried out over the last three decades has concluded that collaborations are complex, slow to produce outputs, and by no means guaranteed to deliver synergies and advantage. This article explores whether a “paradox lens” can aid the development of practice‐oriented theory to help those who govern, lead, and manage collaborations in practice. It draws on a long‐standing research program on collaboration and a synthesis of relevant literature on paradox and collaboration. The article develops five propositions on the application of a paradox lens that explicitly recognizes the context of collaboration as inherently paradoxical; acknowledges the limitations of mainstream theory in capturing adequately the complex nature of and tensions embedded in collaborative contexts; and uses the principles of paradox to develop practice‐oriented theory on governing, leading, and managing collaborations.     

逻辑与功能：应急管理信息文本的一种分析

应急管理信息文本作为应急管理部门内部交流的一种信息文本,承担了信息通报和工作交流的功能.受应急管理特殊行政文化影响,应急管理信息文本具有准确、简短和快速的特点,在传递中包含了行政和知识双重属性.由于在我国公共安全管理模式从综合减灾模式走向全面危机管理的模式中,并没有改变原有行政机构的内部设置和功能调整,于是,应急系统运行过程中,应急管理信息文本的政治功能越来越凸现,而行政功能日趋下降.同时,作为应急管理委员会的办事机构--应急委员会办公室在日常工作中协调能力非常有限;从而导致在防灾、减灾和备灾日常工作中,应急办难以发挥其协调和规划的功能.因此,开发应急管理信息文本的知识功能有利于改善其行政功能,也有助于应急管理工作的科学化、模块化和常规化的建设.