法医物证学DNA检验现状及展望

个体识别和亲子鉴定是法医物证学检验的主要内容，用于法医物证学的检验方法一般有两类：法医血清学检验和法医分子生物学检验。前者包括血清学、免疫学和生物化学的理论和方法，可用于红细胞血型（ABO、MN、Rh等）、红细胞酶型（PGMI、GLOI、DNaseI等）、血清蛋白型（HP、Gc、Pi等）和白细胞抗原（HLA）的检测。这些遗传学标志为蛋白质（包括糖蛋白）或多肽，容易失活而导致检材得不到理想的检验结果。此外，这些遗传标志均为基因编码的产物，多态信息含量（PIC）有限，不能反映DNA编码区的多态性，且这些遗传标志存在生理性、…     

法医遗传学研究新进展

法医遗传学经过近30年发展,已经形成了一套系统的理论和技术体系,相关技术和方法在实际工作中发挥着重要作用。随着实际应用需求的变化和相关基础学科研究的进展,法医遗传学的研究也出现了新变化。本文针对法医遗传学领域的研究进展和发展趋势进行综述,希望能对相关研究和实践提供参考和借鉴。     

第九次全国法医学术交流会征文通知

<正>中国法医学会计划于2013年召开"第九次全国法医学术交流会"。这是学会进行换届后举行的首次全国性学术交流活动,交流内容涵盖法医病理学、法医损伤学、法医临床学、医疗损害鉴定、法医物证学、法医毒物学、法医人类学、司法精神病学以及其它相关或交叉学科。会议面向全国征文,相关事宜如下:     

第22届国际法庭遗传学大会内容介绍

2007年8月21日~8月25日在丹麦哥本哈根召开了第22届国际法医遗传学大会,来自46个国家的法医遗传学领域635名科学家参加了这次大会。中国代表团有来自公安系统、医学院校、香港特别行政区及澳斯邦公司的参会代表20位。大会组织者邀请了6位不同领域的科学家作了特邀演讲,50位科学家作了口头报告,并展示了325张Poster,所有的口头报告摘要及海报摘要均收录在论文集中。此次大会是一次高水平的学术交流会,展现了世界法庭遗传学领域研究的最新进展。为了及时将这次大会的信息传递给国内的同行,我们对大会的主要议题、中文工作组分会等进行了总结…     

法医物证学情境模式教学改革的经验和思考

正法医物证学是以法医物证为研究对象,以提供科学证据为目的,研究应用生命科学技术解决案件中与人体有关的生物检材鉴定的一门学科~([1])。它涉及医学、检验学、遗传学、化学与生物化学等多个学科,同时与法医学其它分支学科一样具有很强的实践性,是一门具有交叉性的应用学科。《法医物证学》课程主要为医学院校和公安院校的法医学本科生和研究生开设,一般分为理论讲授和实验两部分。在该课程的教学模式方面,无论是理论课     

第九次全国法医学术交流会征文通知

<正>中国法医学会计划于2013年召开"第九次全国法医学术交流会"。这是第五届全国会员代表大会进行换届后举行的首次全国性学术交流活动,会议交流内容涵盖法医病理学、法医损伤学、法医临床学、医疗损害鉴定、法医物证学、法医毒物学、法医人类学、司法精神病学以及其它相关或交叉学科。会议将以大会演讲、分会场发言以及分组讨论等形式,展示和交流近年来相关工作的成果、经验和体会。征文相关事宜如下:     

二代测序技术在法医遗传学中的应用研究进展(2011～2016)

对生物检材进行DNA分型是解决法医遗传学实践中个体识别和亲权鉴定问题的重要步骤,法医学实践中复杂生物检材和复杂亲缘关系鉴定等一直是现有的检测分析技术的难点和挑战。随着DNA技术的发展,新的检测分析技术不断引入到法医遗传学领域,以期提高检测效能。二代测序技术具有测序通量高、成本低等特点,能够获得样本DNA详细序列和相对含量等信息,有助于生物检材的检测和案件的分析。二代测序技术在法医遗传学领域的应用受到广泛关注,相关的应用研究逐渐增多。本文就目前法医遗传学领域借助二代测序技术对遗传标记分析的研究进展进行总结,希望能为相关研究和应用提供参考。     

法医物证学miRNA分析的研究进展

在种属和体液鉴定及降解检材等特殊案件的分析时,转录水平的miRNA所具有的生物属性及表达特点,使其能够发挥基因组DNA所不具备的价值。本文通过概述法医物证学miRNA研究的现状,对法医miRNA分析的研究策略和法医物证学应用前景进行了综述,以期为法医miRNA分析的应用研究提供借鉴。     

开发高灵敏度血痕发光试剂用于法医现场检测

目的开发高灵敏度血痕发光试剂用于法医现场检测。方法本项目通过借鉴ECL发光的原理,通过化学电子链的乒乓共轭激活原理,使用均匀设计实验方法优化条件,合成多个新化合物,开发出新型高灵敏度血痕发光试剂。结果本项目开发的高灵敏度血痕发光试剂灵敏度高,发光时间长,在血液稀释1000倍的情况下,使用Chemi Scope3300化学发光成像系统读取荧光值,经过灰度转化最高值达到56,发光时间达到10分钟。结论本项目成功开发了高灵敏度血痕发光试剂,可以应用于法医现场检测。     

DNA甲基化在法医DNA分析中的应用

表观遗传学在生命的发生、发展过程中起着十分重要的作用。DNA甲基化作为表观遗传的一个重要方面,不仅参与多种基因的表达调控,与机体的发育、肿瘤发生等密切相关,而且具有可遗传性、相对稳定性、亲缘特异性、基因组中含量丰富等特点,已证实适用于法医DNA分析。本文对近年来DNA甲基化在印迹基因、同卵双生子鉴定、年龄、性别推断方面的研究与应用进行回顾与综述,以期为在法医学及相关领域中应用提供参考。     

林几的中国法医学史观探析

在林几的学术生涯中,中国法医学史是其研究的重要领域,并取得一系列研究成果,进而形成的法医学史观,构成了林几法医学术思想的重要组成部分。林几的中国法医学史观主要包括:以比较法医学的视野研究中国法医学发展史;运用实验法医学的方法鉴别中国古代法医学的精华和糟粕;古代法医学的现代转型具有必要性和迫切性;实现法医学的现代转型,应注意科学总结中外法医学发展史的经验教训。这些法医学史观对于全面理解中国古代法医学兴衰之路,以及推动民国时期中国法医学的现代转型具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

基于Citespace的法医临床学研究发展历程分析

目的运用Citespace软件对法医临床学相关文献绘制知识图谱、进行可视化分析,探究该学科领域研究热点和动态发展,梳理鉴定难点脉络。方法汇总CNKI收录《中国法医学杂志》《刑事技术》《法医学杂志》《中国司法鉴定》刊登的法医临床学相关论文,利用Citespace分析其关键词、研究热点、基金资助、作者、发文机构及所在地等。结果法医临床学作为法医学分支学科之一,近年来呈现的科研成果部分获基金资助,多由开设法医学专业的院校完成;随着科研理论、技术方法推陈出新,法医临床学鉴定标准、版本也得以构建、更迭、完善,鉴定体量位居法医"四大类"之首。结论作为最具中国特色的法医学分支学科,法医临床学研究着重服务司法实践、以期用成果技术反哺鉴定,实现学术、实践的交流、转化。通过Citespace知识图谱可视化分析学科发展历程,有助于回溯此间规律,提示未来研究方向,提升鉴定业务水平,为持续增强法医临床学学科影响力提供借鉴。     

Sequence variation and allele nomenclature for the X-linked STRs DXS9895, DXS8378, DXS7132, DXS6800, DXS7133, GATA172D05, DXS7423 and DXS8377

X-linked DNA markers are increasingly used in forensic kinship testing. This paper presents sequencing data of the short tandem repeats (STRs) DXS9895, DXS8378, DXS7132, DXS6800, DXS7133, GATA172D05, DXS7423, DXS8377 and proposes an allele nomenclature. Alleles were assigned according to the recommendations of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) Commission.     

A forensic visual aid: Traces versus knowledge

In this paper, I introduce the Forensic Field Map (FFM) that provides a two-dimensional view on the forensic field. This field is by definition very broad, encompassing a wide range of scientific areas and activities. The forensic work that supports solving criminal cases ranges from recognizing and preserving traces at crime scenes to explaining forensic results as expert witness in court. This goes hand in hand with the development of scientifically based methods and tooling as well as legal, forensic and laboratory procedures. Although the FFM came into being while developing a (visual) framework for digital forensic investigations, the framework turned out to be generically applicable to other forensic disciplines.     

论法医学鉴定意见与案情的关系

本文从三个方面进行论述,即法医学鉴定意见的案情趋向性;法医学鉴定中的案情资料价值;法医学鉴定的科学局限性。从而说明法医学鉴定在很多情况下依赖案情,对法医学鉴定意见进行审查判断十分必要。     

中国法庭科学DNA数据库

本文综述了中国法庭科学DNA数据库的建立和发展过程、DNA数据库结构、内容、特点、作用以及存在的问题、发展方向、展望,目的是为如何进一步建设好具有中国特色的DNA数据库提供借鉴。     

Forensic typing of autosomal SNPs with a 29 SNP-multiplex—Results of a collaborative EDNAP exercise

We report the results of an inter-laboratory exercise on typing of autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for forensic genetic investigations in crime cases. The European DNA Profiling Group (EDNAP), a working group under the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG), organised the exercise. A total of 11 European and one US forensic genetic laboratories tested a subset of a 52 SNP-multiplex PCR kit developed by the SNPforID consortium. The 52 SNP-multiplex kit amplifies 52 DNA fragments with 52 autosomal SNP loci in one multiplex PCR. The 52 SNPs are detected in two separate single base extension (SBE) multiplex reactions with 29 and 23 SNPs, respectively, using SNaPshot kit, capillary electrophoresis and multicolour fluorescence detection. For practical reasons, only the 29 SBE multiplex reaction was carried out by the participating laboratories. A total of 11 bloodstains on FTA cards including a sample of poor quality and a negative control were sent to the laboratories together with the essential reagents for the initial multiplex PCR and the multiplex SBE reaction. The total SNP locus dropout rate was 2.8% and more than 50% of the dropouts were observed with the poor quality sample. The overall rate of discrepant SNP allele assignments was 2.0%. Two laboratories reported 60% of all the discrepancies. Two laboratories reported all 29 SNP alleles in all 10 positive samples correctly. The results of the collaborative exercise were surprisingly good and demonstrate that SNP typing with SBE, capillary electrophoresis and multicolour detection methods can be developed for forensic genetics.     

How to regulate forensic familial DNA searching in Hungary?

Forensic DNA analysis has the potential to provide useful information for criminal justice even in cases where there is no match, neither between the DNA profile generated from the crime scene and the existing DNA profiles in criminal databases, nor between the DNA collected at a crime scene and potential suspects. In contrast to traditional forensic genetic testing, forensic familial DNA searching does not provide evidence, but helps to generate investigative leads and narrow down the range of potential offenders. The aim of this study is to examine, whether there is a need for special regulation of this topic in Hungary.     

Legal and ethical considerations of forensic anthropological research

In the UK, Forensic Anthropology is maturing rapidly, consequently demanding discussion of previously overlooked yet fundamental principles of this discipline. UK law and ethics are interpreted from a forensic anthropological standpoint. First, the influence of UK law and ethics on the stages of forensic anthropological research (the collection, analysis and storage of human remains) are discussed. Existing ethical codes of conduct are investigated for their relevance to researching forensic anthropologists. It is concluded that: when appropriately interpreted, UK law and ethics are extremely influential on forensic anthropological research; debate within this area is required; and that an understanding of the law and ethical thought is vital for the successful growth of forensic anthropology in the UK.     

The forensic examination of structural fires in Victoria,Australia: Decision-making processes and impact on judicial outcomes

There is a body of published research that has evaluated the contribution of forensic science to the criminal justice system, but many disciplines of forensic science remain unexplored in this regard. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution that forensic fire examination services provide to criminal investigations and court processes in arson cases. Forensic fire examination services differ in a number of ways to the disciplines covered in previous research on the impact of forensic evidence on justice outcomes. Forensic fire examinations involve a combination of scene examination and laboratory analyses, and the results can provide critical evidence of whether an incident that has occurred is a criminal offence (i.e. whether a fire has occurred as the result of an act of arson). Forensic fire examination is also a discipline that has faced challenges and undergone development in recent decades regarding its scientific basis and the issue of contextual bias. In this study, data were collated for 273 structural fires that were examined by the forensic fire services in Victoria, Australia. In this jurisdiction, scene and laboratory forensic services are delivered within short time frames with a focus on providing impartial scientific and investigative services to assist criminal investigations conducted by police. The current dataset was highly skewed in terms of criminal justice outcomes and was not suitable for conducting the planned statistical analyses. Nonetheless, the pattern of findings obtained suggested that the inclusion of forensic evidence which supported the prosecution of arson may be associated with an increased likelihood of suspects being charged and defendants found guilty. Examination of the decision-making process of the forensic fire examiners has provided insight into the variety of evidence that is considered by forensic experts in reaching the important conclusion about the origin and cause of structural fires.