固液萃取——导数紫外光谱法测定血中氯敌鼠

氯敌鼠是国内近几年使用的杀鼠剂之一,化学结构属茚满二酮类。在司法鉴定实践中,时有因误吸。投毒氯敌鼠引起的中毒案件发生,而国内对氯敌鼠中毒检验的研究甚少。本文运用固液提取技术和导数紫外光谱技术,对生物检材中氯敌鼠的测定进行了实验研究。结果表明:方法简便、快速、可靠。     

内标监控反相HPLC测定生物材料中的氯敌鼠

经实验研究，建立了以甲敌鼠为内标监控检测生物材料中氯敌鼠的反相HPLC方法。实验证明，本法有令人满意的提取回收率和良好的重视性，生物材料中的内源性杂质和代谢物不干扰测定结果，适用于实验检验工作和分析毒理学研究。     

兔尿中敌鼠及其代谢物的HPLC-DAD分析

目的 尿中敌鼠及其代谢物的HPLC分析方法研究。方法 用CN柱和SAX柱的固相萃取(SPE)技术分离提取兔尿中的敌鼠及其代谢物,用香豆素作内标,用HPLC-DAD方法进行fenxi。色谱柱:Hypersil BDSC_(18)(150×4.6mm):保护柱:Phenomenex C_(18) (ODS,4×3.0mm,Octadecyl;流动相A:0.5％离子对A水溶液,B:0.5%离子对A甲醇液,梯度程序洗脱;DAD检测波长为311nm。结果 在中毒的兔尿中检出11种敌鼠代谢物。结论 此方法简单、准确、快速。     

氯硝安定在急性中毒家兔体内的分布

从生物检材中提取、分离氯硝安定，采用薄层色谱扫描法能准确地定性、定量，对急性中毒家兔体内氧硝安定测定结果表明，当血浓度达峰时，尿和胆汁中的含量显著高于其它脏器中的含量，说明肾、胆是氯硝安定的主要排泄途径。在疑为氯硝安定中毒时，采集尿、胆汁行毒物分析是必要的。     

生物样品中敌鼠钠盐和溴敌隆杀鼠药的检验

介绍了敌鼠和溴敌隆抗凝血杀鼠药的定性定量分析方法.在酸性条件下,选用液-液提取和C_(18)柱固相萃取方法处理生物样品,用高效液相色谱法和薄层色谱方法定性定量分析.方法适用于中毒案件的检验.     

腐败生物样品中抗凝血类杀鼠药的HPLC分析研究

介绍以氯敌鼠、华法令为代表的五种抗凝血杀鼠药的HPLC定性定量分析方法.在酸性条件下液-液提取和C_(18)柱固相萃取方法处理生物样品;选用C_(18)分离柱,流动相分别为:水、乙腈,邻酸二氢钾缓冲液(pH7.0)和甲醇/0.8%醋酸,均做梯度洗脱,DAD检测器,检测波长285nm,外标定量,测得血和肝中的提取回收率>60%.在0.01ug-1.0mg/ml范围内呈现良好的线性关系.适用于腐败生物样品抗凝血类杀鼠药中毒案件的检验及有关临床监测.     

毒鼠磷中毒检验的实验研究 I.检材的采取及预处理

毒鼠磷是新研制成功的速效型有机磷杀鼠剂,灭鼠效果良好。尽管毒鼠磷毒性较大,但目前世界各地的鼠害以及抗凝血类杀鼠剂如灭鼠磷、敌鼠已产生抗性,药效下降,使毒鼠磷在使用上显示出优越性。该药气味较小,对人畜毒性较大,已报导有投毒。误食事件发生,而有关毒鼠磷中毒的系统检验方法,未见报导。     

大鼠口服敌敌畏和呋喃丹急性中毒后血液胆碱酯酶体外自动复能的动态观察

作者测定了中毒鼠血胆碱酯酶活性在体外室温下的动态变化,观察研究胆碱酯酶自动复能的特点。结果表明中毒鼠血胆碱酯酶活性体外自动复能在72小时内达最大值;敌敌畏中毒鼠血胆碱酯酶自动复能较呋喃丹组幅度大而下降也快;至第17天,与对照组相比,敌敌畏中毒鼠血胆碱酯酯活性仍有显著性差异。根据实验结果就中毒鼠血胆碱酯酶自动复能的法医学意义作了讨论。     

固液萃取-导数紫外光谱法测定血中敌鼠钠

本文报道的方法操作简便、快速,可测定血中ppm级含量的敌鼠钠。40～2μg/ml已知量的敌鼠钠填加于血中,本法测定回收率为75％以上,变异系数为3％以下。本法中进行了灌服敌鼠钠兔血中敌鼠钠含量的测定,报道了不同时间血含量的变化情况。     

常见危险化学品的中毒急救（一）

本文从中毒机制．中毒表现．现场急救三个方面就氯．氨．一氧化碳．光气．硫化氢等5类危险化学品的相关内容作了系统阐述，对一线抢险救援人员有所帮助。[编者按]     

染毒兔体内各脏器中立克命的含量及分布

本文用家兔作为实验动物,以25mg/kg 和100mg/kg 两个剂量给药,建立立克命中毒模型,观察染毒兔的中毒表现和解剖所见。兔内脏中的立克命含量用高效液相色谱法进行了测定。本文报导了观察所见和内脏中立克命的分布,并对所得结果进行了讨论。     

鲤醇硫酸酯钠急性中毒的实验病理研究

鲤醇硫酸酯钠（纯度99．2％），给小鼠腹腔注射，测得LD50为115．15mg／kg。40只小鼠随机分为4组，三个实验组分别以1．5LD50、1．0LD50和0．5LD50剂量腹腔注射染毒。结果表明，实验鼠肾小管上皮变性坏死；心肌细胞水变性，可见多发性肌溶灶；肝有单细胞性坏死。与草鱼胆汁中毒的病变基本相似。提示鲤醇硫酸酯钠是草鱼胆汁的主要毒性成分，主要损害肾，心肌，肝等脏器。     

An oxcarbazepine-related fatality with an overview of 26 oxcarbazepine postmortem cases

We present an oxcarbazepine-related fatality together with an overview of 26 postmortem cases involving oxcarbazepine observed during the period 2001-2006. The fatality case concerned a 27-year-old woman with epilepsy, who was found dead in her bed. Oxcarbazepine and its active metabolite, 10-hydroxycarbazepine, were the only compounds detected. The concentrations of oxcarbazepine were as follows: femoral blood, 2.9mg/kg; muscle, 1.8mg/kg; liver, 0.9mg/kg; gastric content (300ml), 860mg/kg; and vitreous humour, not detected. The concentrations of 10-hydroxycarbazepine were as follows: femoral blood, 66mg/kg; muscle, 40mg/kg; liver, 62mg/kg; gastric content, 27mg/kg; and vitreous humour, 25mg/kg. The analyses were performed by HPLC-DAD after liquid-liquid extraction. Oxcarbazepine intoxication was regarded as a possible cause of death. For the other 26 cases, the 10-hydroxycarbazepine concentrations ranged from 2.2 to 48mg/kg with a median of 25mg/kg.     

Phenol: tissue distribution in a fatality

A case is reported where phenol, a disinfectant, was ingested and resulted in the death of a 40-year-old white female. Concentrations of phenol were determined in blood (130 mg/L), urine (47 mg/L), bile (187 mg/L), brain (486 mg/kg), kidney (331 mg/kg), muscle (204 mg/kg), liver (228 mg/kg), and stomach content (668 mg) and compared to other cases reported in the literature.     

Fatal flecainide intoxication

A fatal case attributed to flecainide acetate (Tambocor), a class Ic antiarrythmic drug, is presented. Flecainide was detected by GC/MS in gastric contents, blood and liver as well. The urine analysis revealed the presence of its dealkylated metabolite. Body fluids and tissue concentrations determined by GC/ECD were 7.7 mg/kg in femoral blood, 0.26 mg/kg in bile, 18 mg/kg in liver, 0.17 mg/kg in cerebrospinal fluid, 0.22 mg/kg in brain cortex and 28.9 mg/kg in urine. The total amount of flecainide in gastric contents was about 43 mg. Even taking into account the postmortem redistribution of flecainide, its blood level still remains in the toxic range.     

Two tricyclic antidepressant poisonings: levels of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and desipramine in post-mortem biological samples

Two deaths due to amitriptyline and desipramine overdoses are reported. The first case deals with a 20-year-old Caucasian male who was found dead at his residence. Toxicological analysis of the blood, urine, liver and kidney revealed the presence of amitriptyline (1.7 mg/l, 0.13 mg/l, 36.0 mg/kg and 98.0 mg/kg) and nortriptyline (0.66 mg/l, 0.74 mg/l, 12.0 mg/kg and 37.0 mg/kg). The gastric content contained only 220 mg of amitriptyline. The urine also contained norverapamil, which was consistent with previous verapamil therapy. The second case involved a 19-year-old Caucasian male who attempted suicide earlier and was on desipramine medication. The blood, urine, liver and gastric content disclosed the presence of desipramine in the concentrations of 14.2 mg/l, 33.7 mg/l, 112.5 mg/kg and 180 mg, respectively. The levels of these tricyclics analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography were in agreement with the levels reported in the literature. Though with the amitriptyline poisoning no significant anatomic changes were noted, the desipramine-caused death was further supported by the multisystem vascular congestion and ischemic changes consistent with cardiopulmonary failure.     

Potentiation of lethality and increase in body temperature by combined use of d-methamphetamine and morphine in mice

Lethality and change in body temperature in mice were examined after subcutaneous injection of d-methamphetamine and morphine alone or in combination. The LD50 values for methamphetamine and morphine were calculated to be 95 and 670 mg/kg body wt., respectively. When a non-lethal dose of morphine (300 mg/kg) was administered with various doses of methamphetamine, the LD50 for methamphetamine was reduced to 5 mg/kg, indicating a marked potentiation of toxicity by combined use of both drugs. Injection of 5 mg/kg of methamphetamine produced slight hyperthermia, while 300 mg/kg of morphine decreased the body temperature of mice. However, when both drugs were used concomitantly, a marked increase in body temperature was observed. Hyperthermia was also observed when the dose of morphine was reduced to 50 mg/kg. It is postulated that hyperthermia is probably one of the contributory factors in the potentiated toxicity by combined use of morphine and methamphetamine.     

Fatal outcome of Ecstasy overdose

Consumption of amphetamine derivatives has considerably increased in Germany since the early nineties. Again and again intoxications with lethal outcome have also been reported, especially after physical activities such as intensive dancing. The authors present a case of an obviously suicidal intoxication of a 21-year-old man who was found dead with marked cuts on the right forearm. Toxicological tests showed in particular 3, 4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The results of the hair analysis revealed chronic consumption, but no cellular liver damage could be demonstrated. When examining the body fluids and organs, the highest concentrations by far were measured in the lungs (36.6 mg/kg), the liver (29.7 mg/kg) and the brain (29.1 mg/kg). The concentration in heart blood amounted to 10.8 mg/kg and was thus markedly higher than in peripheral blood (7.2 mg/kg). In the muscles concentrations ranged between 14.3 mg/kg and 20.2 mg/kg. On the basis of these concentrations and the available pharmacokinetic data the amount of MDMA probably consumed is assessed. It is demonstrated that for this assessment the concentrations in the muscular system are of special importance, as redistribution of highly lipophilic substances from the surrounding tissue is possible also in peripheral blood.     

Fatal cardiac arrhythmia after repeated exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane (DFE)

A 42-year-old man was found dead after repeated exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane (DFE, Freon 152a), a propellant found in CRC Duster, a product intended for the removal of dust and lint. Toxicologic analysis detected DFE in femoral blood 136.3 mg/L, brain 117.5 mg/kg, liver 87.6 mg/kg, lung 60.3 mg/kg, adipose 235.7 mg/kg, and vitreous fluid 25.1 mg/L. The cause of death was determined to be a fatal cardiac arrhythmia due to intoxication with 1,1-difluoroethane. After comparison to previously published cases involving DFE, we suggest that analysis of adipose tissue for DFE and similar compounds, along with blood and other tissues, may be useful in distinguishing between acute versus chronic exposure. Adipose may also be a valuable alternate specimen for detection in cases where loss or elimination from blood is likely to have occurred.     

A diflunisal related fatality: a case report

A case is reported where the death of an individual resulted from the ingestion of diflunisal. Diflunisal was identified by a combination of liquid chromatography, UV spectrophotometry and colorimetry. Diflunisal was quantified in blood (260 mg/l), bile (71 mg/l), kidney (350 mg/kg), liver (400 mg/kg), stomach contents (34 mg) and urine (78 mg/l). No previous literature references discussing diflunisal related fatalities were available.