丽蝇科蝇类的生物学特性及其法医学应用

双翅目（Diptera）丽蝇科（Calliphoridae）蝇类是最早出现在腐败尸体、尸块上的主要蝇类。在法医昆虫学领域,根据丽蝇科的生活特性,可以较准确地推断出凶杀案或无名尸案的死亡时间（postmorteminter．val,PMI）,为案件侦破提供有利线索。本文介绍了丽蝇科蝇类的生物学、形态学特征,并对其在法医昆虫学与分子生物学、数学形态学、法医毒理学方面的联合应用进行了综述。     

法医昆虫学在死亡时间推断中应用3例

在自然界,动物一旦发生死亡,昆虫往往是尸体的首先发现者。它们在P体上取食繁衍,成为尸体的主要毁坏者。最先到达尸体的是蝇类,其次是鞘翅目昆虫。另外还有蚂蚁。螨类、膜翅目昆虫。欧洲的一些科学家发现昆虫在尸体上的发育演变很有规律,并将其应用于法医调查,由此形成了现代的新兴科学即法医昆虫学（F。rensicEnt。m。l。gy）‘’．近20年来,法医昆虫学研究在国外发展很快,有关法医昆虫学方面的文章,及应用昆虫学知识成功破案的报道也在成倍增加。这表明法医昆虫学作为一门学科的兴起已日趋成熟,并作为一项应用技术已受到国际…     

嗜尸性蝇类种属鉴定研究进展

死亡时间(postmortem interval,PMI)推断一直是困扰法医学工作者的难题之一,尤其是荒郊野外或偏僻屋内的高度腐败尸体更是难以使用常规手段推断PMI,因此常需要借助现场中的昆虫证据来推断。不同种属的蝇类发育时间差异较大,在实际案件中,如果不进行种属鉴定而直接测量蝇蛆体长、计算积温或演替阶段,或是基于错误的种属鉴定来计算,往往会导致推算出的结果与实际PMI之间出现较大偏差,误导案件侦查方向。因此,使用法医昆虫学方法来推断腐败尸体PMI,必须先进行准确的昆虫种属鉴定。本文对嗜尸性蝇类不同虫态的大体和超微形态学种属鉴定以及分子生物学种属鉴定方法进行综述,以期为相关研究和实践提供新思路和新方法,为法医昆虫学在鉴定实践的应用推广提供参考。     

昆虫学证据在法庭科学中的应用及进展

昆虫学证据在解决死亡时间、死亡地点、死亡原因等方面可为案件侦破提供切入点和线索。近年来,昆虫学证据在实践中应用的可行性已被理论和案例所证明,尤其是在一些非自然死亡、无监控、尸体高度腐败案件的调查中发挥了巨大作用。然而,将昆虫学证据应用于鉴定实践,尚有一些关键问题需要进一步研究和标准化,以提高昆虫学证据在法庭调查和审判中的效力。本文对昆虫学证据在法庭科学应用中的关键性研究进行了回顾性综述,主要包括法医昆虫学检验操作标准探讨、嗜尸性昆虫物种鉴定研究、嗜尸性昆虫不同环境下发育数据和演替数据的收集、法医昆虫毒理学等。随着信息技术和生物技术蓬勃发展,将人工智能和全基因组测序等技术应用于法医昆虫学将成为一种新的研究方向,可提升昆虫学证据在法庭科学中的应用价值与范围。     

利用绯颜裸金蝇(双翅目,丽蝇科)在中国西南地区进行死亡时间推断1例（英文）

在人类尸体上发现的昆虫样本可为最短死亡时间(minimum postmortem interval,PMImin)推断提供重要信息。在中国重庆某废弃工厂里发现了一具女性尸体,经现场勘验和尸体检验确认为他杀死亡。由于死者不同部位的腐败程度不一致,难以确定死亡时间。通过形态学观察和线粒体DNA测序分析,确定尸体上的昆虫样本为绯颜裸金蝇。根据该种属的发育速度资料,尸体的PMImin推断为452 h。死亡时间的准确推断为案件侦查和犯罪嫌疑人起诉提供了重要的昆虫学证据,证实了在该区域特定种属的昆虫学证据对准确死亡时间的推断具有较高的实用价值,尤其适合晚期腐败尸体的PMI推断。     

深圳地区夏季室内外猪尸体上嗜尸性昆虫的群落演替

目的：根据深圳地区夏季室内外猪尸体上主要嗜尸性昆虫的生长发育和群落演替规律来推断死亡时间（PMI）。方法从2013年5月初到8月初,在深圳市公安局法医检验中心模拟的室内、外场地分别放置成年猪尸体两头,观察尸体腐败的过程和猪尸体上出现主要昆虫的种类,记录猪尸体腐败各阶段的历期,以及主要昆虫在尸体上的群落演替。结果室内、外的猪尸体分别经历了412.5 h和325 h进入白骨化阶段。主要的嗜尸性昆虫,蝇类以大头金蝇、绯颜裸金蝇、星岛金蝇,甲虫类以大隐翅甲、赤颈郭公甲、丽腐阎甲、白腹皮蠹为优势代表性种类。室外猪尸体在较多雨水的影响下,优势蝇群明显产生二代,室内的猪尸体上未见较大规模二代产生。结论深圳地区夏季室内外猪尸体上主要昆虫的群落演替有规律性,7种代表性昆虫及其幼虫整体的活动规律对推断PMI有较大的意义。     

我国法医昆虫学的研究进展

法医昆虫学是应用昆虫学知识解决有关法律问题的法医学分支学科。在推断死亡时间等方面具有明显优势。本文在阐述法医昆虫学定义和研究内容基础上,综述尸体上的昆虫生态群落演替现象、昆虫发育形态学、DNA分析技术的应用、法医昆虫毒理学等法医昆虫学问题在我国的研究进展。     

石家庄地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性昆虫群落演替规律

目的研究石家庄地区常见嗜尸性昆虫种类及其群落演替。方法观察法研究2007—2009年夏秋季放置在同一地点的9只家兔尸体上常见嗜尸性昆虫的种群演替。结果该地区家兔尸体上出现常见双翅目3科4属9种,主要有蝇科的家蝇、厩腐蝇、开普黑蝇、厚环黑蝇;丽蝇科的丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇,麻蝇科的棕尾别麻蝇、肥须亚麻蝇、黑尾黑麻蝇。鞘翅目5科11种,主要有埋葬甲科的大黑葬甲、Silpha carinata（Herbst）、大负葬甲、Ptomascopus morio（Kraatz）、双色葬甲;蜣螂科的金龟子;步甲科的毛婪步甲和蠋步甲;拟步甲科的细土潜;隐翅甲科的大黑隐翅虫、小隐翅虫。膜翅目2科2种,蚁科的路舍蚁;胡蜂科的墨胸胡蜂。结论该地区嗜尸性蝇类群落演替明显,嗜尸性昆虫有地域特征。研究结果可作为石家庄地区对尸体进行死亡时间推断的依据。     

嗜尸性昆虫群落演替及其法医学应用研究进展

法医昆虫学是近年来法庭科学中发展较快的学科之一,而利用昆虫学证据来推断死亡时间或称死后经历时间(PMI)是其最主要的应用。当尸体PMI达一周以上,无法通过蝇蛆生长发育历期来推算时,仍可以借助嗜尸性昆虫群落演替规律来判断。嗜尸性昆虫群落演替规律与尸体腐败过程息息相关,法医昆虫学家通过对尸体腐败进行人为分期,能够辨别出不同的演替波次,从而达到推断PMI的目的。本文对嗜尸性昆虫群落演替研究与应用进行了综述,并分析了未来研究趋势,希望能为相关研究和实践应用提供参考。     

昆虫证据

犯罪现场中令人毛骨悚然的尸体表面，往往爬行或飞舞着各种各样的昆虫。在普通人看来，这些小虫极度恶心，甚至厌而避之；而在法医昆虫学家眼中，原本令人厌恶的小虫已然成为案件侦破的关键证据，甚至在某些疑难案件中起到里程碑式的重要意义。早在700多年前的中国南宋时期，著名法医学家宋慈在其《洗冤集录》中提到的“镰刀血腥集蝇”案件，已成为世界上公认的有关法医昆虫学的最早文献记载。     

The forensic entomologist in the context of the forensic pathologist's role.

An adequate death investigation requires the combined efforts and cooperation of experts in different disciplines: crime scene technicians, death investigators, forensic pathologists, anthropologists, entomologists, other medical and non-medical professionals. These front-line experts play a crucial role in every death investigation process. The forensic pathologist normally has the legal authority to take charge of the dead body at a death scene and his primary functions are the exterior and interior examination of the cadaver by analyzing the extent of antemortem injuries and the postmortem changes and the recovery of physical evidence. He is responsible for determining how, when and why of any death which is the result of violence, suspicious or unexplained circumstances or a death which is sudden or unattended, defending and explaining the reasons for making these diagnoses in a courtroom. The forensic entomologist can provide invaluable aid in death cases where human remains are colonized by insects and in the overall investigation. His principal role is to identify the arthropods associated with such cases and to analyze entomological data for interpreting insect evidence. He is responsible for determining the period of insect activity according to all the variables affecting insect invasion of remains and their development. The major goal of medico-criminal entomology is to contribute to the determination of the time, cause, manner and place of the investigated death (especially on badly decomposed corpses or skeletonized human remains) with the support of all the elements which can be inferred from the study of insects found on the cadaver or nearby. The application of techniques devised recently in forensic entomology can allow experts in the field to collect strong entomological evidence and provide useful information not only in a death investigation including movement or storage of the remains following death, time of dismemberment, postmortem artifacts on the body but also at the scene, and even more in child neglect, sexual molestation and identification of suspects. As the role of the forensic entomologist at the death scene, at the autopsy and in the laboratory is defined and well known, this paper focuses on the difficulties that could arise if forensic pathologists and entomologists are uncertain about the procedures that they have to follow, do not realize the value of objective findings or fail to evaluate them. Although every forensic case presents a slightly different set of circumstances and has to be tackled individually, the forensic pathologist should work with the forensic entomologist from the visual observations of the cadaver on the scene, through the collection of arthropods and temperature data at the death scene and at the autopsy, up to the final report with the interpretation of entomological and other biological evidence.     

Practice of forensic entomology. Part 1: Insect collection at the site of discovery of the corpse

The life cycle of a fly illustrates that the late immature stages of necrophagous insects frequently leave the body, and are therefore not found on the corpse itself. Taking into account these stages (i.e. pupae) while investigating a death scene is very important. Two case histories demonstrate the effects of not taking that fact into consideration when determining the post-mortem interval. Since there is no standardized method in Germany for collecting insects at a death scene, an entomological collection kit with a short instruction is introduced.     

Stay cool or get hot? An applied primer for using temperature in forensic entomological case work

The reliable reconstruction of the temperature conditions at a crime scene is still a great challenge in forensic-entomological case work. Despite many published standards and guidelines for reconstructing temperature, and studies analysing the influence of various factors on the accuracy on such reconstructions, there are astonishingly many cases in the literature in which the temperature at the place of discovery is not reconstructed at all, i.e. the most common method is using the data of the nearest meteorological weather station without any correlation with on-site data. This study summarizes the state of the art in temperature reconstruction from an entomological point of view and compares the application of generalized additive models (GAMs) and linear regression on the basis of hypothetical death scenarios with various post mortem intervals (PMI) and measurement periods for the correlation between crime scene and weather station. We show that GAMs i.e. analysing the potential delay effect of temperature within a day, are the tools of choice because they give better, i.e. more accurate estimations than linear regression in 95,6% of all analysed cases regardless of the PMI, body discovery site and correlation period. Nevertheless, each case and crime scene is unique and therefore each entomological expertise should discuss the possible strengths and weaknesses of its temperature reconstruction. Even if temperature is not or cannot be reconstructed for various reasons, a comparison of on-site data with those of a meteorological weather station is the minimum forensic experts should do.     

犯罪现场层次论

犯罪现场层次是犯罪现场存在表现及其被侦查人员认知的程度。犯罪现场是由犯罪时间、犯罪空间、犯罪嫌疑人条件、犯罪痕迹物证、犯罪活动过程、犯罪心理、犯罪证据等各种层次构成的复合体。研究犯罪现场层次论也是研究犯罪现场构成要素的存在及其在不同层面的联系。犯罪现场层次也是研究和揭示犯罪现场存在的一种认知。研究犯罪现场层次问题,也可以使我们对犯罪现场状况及其勘查工作质量给以程度判定。     

Forensic entomology exemplified by a homicide. A combined stain and postmortem time analysis]

The combined analysis of both ant and blow fly evidence recovered from a corpse, and from the boot of a suspect, suggested that an assumed scenario in a high profile murder case was likely to be true. The ants (Lasius fuliginous) were used as classical crime scene stains that linked the suspect to the scene. Blow fly maggots (Calliphora spec.) helped to determine the post mortem interval (PMI) with the calculated PMI overlapping with the assumed time of the killing. In the trial, the results of the medico-legal analysis of the insects was understood to be crucial scientific evidence, and the suspect was sentenced to 8 years in prison.     

Swedish crime scene technicians: facilitations,epistemic frictions and professionalization from the outside

ABSTRACT

This article investigates the role of crime scene technicians in the Swedish criminal justice system, and particularly how Swedish crime scene technicians not only examine crime scenes but also facilitate the criminal justice system’s joint production of forensic evidence. It proposes thinking about the criminal justice system as a conglomeration of epistemic cultures, that is, of communities with different ways of producing and understanding forensic evidence. Such a perspective makes it possible to understand interprofessional frictions as epistemic frictions as well as to draw attention to the facilitations, mediations and translations that crime scene technicians perform. This perspective also makes it possible to illuminate how the crime scene technicians’ professionalization – a professionalization from the outside – affects both their future crime scene work and their facilitations.     

植物DNA检验技术在命案现场重建中的应用策略

植物DNA检验技术是利用植物遗传性状的稳态性对关联植物物证进行检验鉴定的手段。将该技术应用于现场重建,应基于植物物证与犯罪嫌疑人、被害人及其活动环境具有＂重大关联性＂。从命案现场重建的需求上看,应围绕犯罪嫌疑人及其可控物品中附着植物与现场植物的种属同一性判断、被害人尸体（尸块或尸骸）及其随附物品中附着植物与中心现场植物的种属同一性判断、疑似侵害物及其附着植物与嫌疑人行为关联植物的种属同一性判断等三个角度或层次进行检验和综合分析。植物DNA检验技术可阐明物证的时空运行停顿规律,为命案现场重建工作提供一种参考性解决方案。     

犯罪现场生物检材的发现、提取策略

在改进现场生物检材的发现和提取技术的同时,也要进行理论创新和体系构建,才能够更好地指导实践。全局的观点、具体案件具体分析和犯罪现场重建对于现场勘查中有效地发现、提取和利用生物检材是十分重要的。     

从心理迹证观点建构系统化现场勘察模式

本文从犯罪现场为基础,并以环境犯罪学观点,自国外实证研究结果就个人层级(理性选择理论)、社会互动层级(犯罪型态理论)、社会层级(日常活动理论)三种不同层次探讨性侵害加害者的决策模式(decision-making model)、犯罪空间型态(spatial patterns)、作案手法(modus operandi)与...     

剥离重叠的犯罪行为与其他行为的侦查价值

立足犯罪现场,历来是侦查人员认识和分析犯罪现场的根本。但犯罪现场是一个非常复杂的社会现象及社会行为的存储场所及空间。侦查人员应用不同的认识及方法,力从犯罪现场发现与犯罪有关的线索及证据,这是其最重要的任务。但犯罪现场的复杂性是难以预料的。有的现场既存有犯罪行为,也还遗留着其他与犯罪行为有关的其他行为,即本文所述的非犯罪行为。将犯罪行为与非犯罪行为剥离,从中发现证实犯罪有关的证物及线索,是新的侦查思路。