海洛因、咖啡因的FTIR检验及谱图解释

目的提高用红外光谱法鉴定海洛因、咖啡因纯品、混合物伪品的水平。方法用红外光谱法有针对性地选择特征峰 ,探明海洛因、咖啡因红外光谱与结构的关系。结果获得海洛因、咖啡因的特征峰。结论该方法克服了鉴定中的盲目性。     

海洛因盐型检验研究进展

本文综述了海洛因毒品不同存在形态的基本性质,对海洛因毒品进行盐型检验的必要性以及近年来国内外对于海洛因盐型检验的基本情况和研究进展。     

海洛因对大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4的影响

目的检测不同时程海洛因依赖大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质discs大同源物4(discs large homolog 4,DLG4)的蛋白表达,探讨海洛因依赖对突触后致密结构的影响。方法采用腹腔内递增注射海洛因的方法,建立海洛因依赖的大鼠模型,用免疫组织化学法检测海洛因依赖9、18和36 d大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4蛋白的表达,并与对照组进行比较。结果随海洛因依赖时间的延长,海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4蛋白的表达逐渐降低。结论海洛因依赖可影响海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质突触后致密结构,并随依赖时间的延长,影响更加明显。     

酶水解后同时分析海洛因、吗啡、可待因

本文以家兔为模型，用酶水解、丙酸酐衍生化处理吸毒后的尿样，用ＧＣ／ＭＳ同时分析海洛因、吗啡、可待因。     

20例海洛因滥用相关死亡案例的法医学分析

目的对20例海洛因滥用相关死亡案例进行回顾性分析,为相关案例的法医学鉴定提供参考依据。方法对20例海洛因相关死亡案例死者的一般情况、毒品使用方式、死亡原因、法医学检验情况进行统计分析,总结案例的死亡原因及法医病理学改变。结果本组案例死者多为青壮年,男性多于女性。组织病理学检验为非特异性改变。死亡原因包括海洛因使用(或泄露)后急性中毒死亡(13例,占65%)、滥用海洛因后继发性疾病(3例,占15%)、吸食海洛因致吸入性窒息(2例,占10%)及戒断综合征导致死亡(2例,占10%)四种。结论海洛因滥用相关死亡者的法医学鉴定,需在全面系统的尸体检验基础上,结合实验室对死者体内海洛因及代谢产物的定性、定量分析,综合案情资料、现场勘验情况进行分析。     

海洛因毛细管电泳分析

应用毛细管电泳测定毒品海洛因,获得了满意的结果,证明毛细管电泳具有样品制备简单、检验温度不高样品不会被分解、节省试剂、定性准确、操作直观、简便、省时等优点,是海洛因检验分析的重要手段之一.     

微波衍生化和GC/MS/MS技术分析血、尿中的吗啡

目的建立了血、尿等生物检材中海洛因代谢产物吗啡的定性分析方法。方法以丙酸酐为衍生化剂,采用微波衍生化技术结合GC/MS/MS进行分析。结果当CID电压为0.9V时,衍生化物的母离子与子离子碎片信息丰富,碎片为m/e268、324、342。结论此方法科学、准确,灵敏度高,能满足吸食海洛因类、吗啡类毒品人员的生物检材的检验要求。     

张某庆等人贩卖、运输毒品案公诉意见书

[基本案情]2013年7月,被告人张某庆、罗某二人共谋出资到云南省景洪市购买毒品海洛因运输回重庆贩卖,由张某庆负责去缅甸找毒品上家购买海洛因并运回重庆,由罗某负责在重庆销售。同年7月24日,被告人张某庆安排其前妻被告人瞿某驾驶面包车在前开路探查,被告人张某庆与其侄子张某元驾驶另一小车携带毒品海洛因一块(约350克)尾随其后,由瞿某用电话向张某庆通报公路上的毒品检查站的情况。次日,张某庆、张某元将上述毒品运至重庆市垫     

是吸毒、贩卖毒品还是非法持有毒品

被告人张××、郑×。蔡××。于1994年6月12日12时在张××的小卖部吸食海洛因毒品时，被公安机关当场抓获，并在张××身上缴获毒品海洛因：37小包．重量为168克，海洛因含量为20．8％，在郑×身上缴获毒品海洛因12包81克，海洛因含量为22％，在蔡××身上缴获毒品海洛因9包72克，海洛因含量为19．5％。张、郑、蔡三被告人在公安机关对其提审时，他们还供认各自相互间在吸．食海洛因时以每克50元买入、以每克60元结算互吸，三被告人还称被缴获毒品海洛因是用于自己吸食的。为此，司法机关在对本案的定性时存在三种不同意见。第一种意见认…     

海洛因诱导大脑神经元凋亡的研究

目的观察海洛因有无直接诱导培养大脑神经元凋亡的作用。方法神经元培养取自SD大鼠妊娠的胎鼠大脑皮质,培养7d后分别用不同浓度的海洛因(纯度80%)处理大脑神经元24h。用FDA法分析细胞存活率,Hoechst 33258荧光染色后观察凋亡的形态学改变,再用DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析凋亡的生化特征。结果海洛因可剂量依赖性地降低神经元的存活率;荧光显微镜可见细胞核染为高亮蓝色的典型凋亡小体,其细胞核明显固缩、凝聚和断裂,且随海洛因剂量的增加,出现凋亡小体的细胞明显增多;不同浓度的海洛因处理大脑神经元,电泳图谱显示清晰的DNA梯带。结论海洛因可直接诱导大鼠大脑皮质神经元凋亡。     

Rapid determination of carbohydrates in heroin drug seizures using capillary electrophoresis with short-end injection

A simple and rapid method for the analysis of carbohydrates in heroin samples by capillary electrophoresis utilizing a borate complexation method is described. Separations were performed using an uncoated fused silica capillary, 50 cm x 50 micro I.D. x 360 microm O.D. with an effective separation length of 9 cm. The system was run at 60 degrees C with an applied voltage of -8 kilovolts. Injection of each sample was for 1 sec at -50 mbar. UV detection was employed with the wavelength set at 195 nm. The background electrolyte consisted of 65 mM borate, pH 12.0. Samples and standards were prepared in the run buffer containing 2 mg/mL of mannose as an internal standard. Under these conditions a test mixture containing glucose, sucrose, lactose, mannitol and mannose as an internal standard was resolved within 5 min. The method was used to determine the concentration of carbohydrates in heroin seizure samples and synthetic heroin samples. The results were in good agreement with the reported values.     

Component analysis of illicit heroin samples with GC/MS and its application in source identification

A novel method based on GC/MS and GC for component analyses of seized illicit heroin was established by using SKF525A as an internal standard. The main components in illicit heroin products such as heroin, O3-acetylmorphine, monoacetylcodeine, and O6-acetylmorphine were determined quantitatively and the organic adulterants such as paracetamol, acetaminophen caffeine and theophylline were detected qualitatively using the developed method. With these obtained data, 500 seized illicit heroin samples were divided into nine groups. The decomposition pattern of heroin was studied. The dependencies of both the decomposition pattern and the content ratios of monoacetylcodeine to heroin and monoacetylcodeine to O6-acetylmorphine on the source of the seized illicit heroin were observed. This information was used to develop a novel method for its source identification. The examination results were in agreement with the practical cases, thus providing significant information for detection of criminal cases involving illicit heroin.     

GC/MS determination of pyrolysis products from diacetylmorphine and adulterants of street heroin samples

The inhalation of heroin vapors after heating on aluminium foil ("chasing the dragon") is gaining popularity nowadays among heroin users seeking to avoid the risks of parenteral drug administration. The heroin-smoking procedure was simulated under laboratory conditions by heating the samples on aluminium foil at 250 to 400 degrees C and collecting the vapors in a condenser trap. A total of 72 pyrolysis products of diacetylmorphine, street heroin, residues from aluminium foils used to smoke street heroin, typical by-products, and adulterants were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). About half of these compounds could be identified. Diacetylmorphine (base and salt) undergoes substantial to complete degradation. Some typical street heroin constituents, like morphine, codeine, acetylcodeine, papaverine, and caffeine, are rather heat-stable. Other compounds, like noscapine and paracetamol, are pyrolyzed to a greater extent. The principal chemical reactions leading to the formation of pyrolysis products are desacetylation, transacetylation, N-demethylation, O-methylation, ring cleavage and oxydation.     

Analysis of carbohydrates in seized heroin using capillary electrophoresis

Illicitly produced heroin is commonly cut with carbohydrates to increase bulk. The analysis of these solutes is important for legal and intelligence purposes. A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the qualitative analysis of dextrose, lactose, sucrose, inositol, and mannitol in heroin exhibits. For this method, a 64 cm (55.5 cm to detector window) by 50 mum capillary was used with the Agilent Basic Anion Buffer modified to pH 12.1. This separation was performed at 25 degrees C with a voltage of 20 kV and indirect detection with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid as the visualization reagent. The methodology is also applicable for the screening of inorganic and organic anions using indirect detection, and acidic adulterants using direct detection. For a run time of 13 min, the relative standard deviation (n = 6) of the methodology was better than 0.36% for migration times and less than 2.6% for corrected peak areas. For the analysis of carbohydrates and acidic adulterants in seized heroin, excellent agreement was obtained between CE and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.     

固相萃取／LC-MS／MS测定尿液中吗啡类药物

目的 建立尿液中吗啡类药物的固相萃取／LC—MS／MS方法。方法采用OASIS MCX3cc（60mg）固相萃取柱进行提取,应用LC—MS／MS方法进行检测,运用保留时间和MRM方式对尿液中吗啡类药物及其代谢物进行定性定量分析。结果磷酸盐缓冲液pH4．0时,海洛因、6-MAM、可待因、吗啡、M3G的固相萃取回收率分别达64．33％-70．21％,96．95％～117．57％,83．60％～123．63％,68．82％～91．03％,94．64％～107．33％;最低检测限（LOD）分别为5、10、5、5、2pg,线性范围0．005～10μg／mL;相关系数分别为0．9998、0．9958、0．9992、0．9994、0．9997。结论本文所建方法,适用于尿液中吗啡类药物的分析。     

Quantitative determination of amphetamines, cocaine, and opiates in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Hair of young subjects (N = 36) suspected for drug abuse was analysed for morphine, codeine, heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, cocaine, methadone, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA). The analysis of morphine, codeine, heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, cocaine, and methadone in hair included incubation in methanol, solid-phase extraction, derivatisation by the mixture of propionic acid anhydride and pyridine, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). For amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, and MDEA analysis, hair samples were incubated in 1M sodium hydroxide, extracted with ethyl acetate, derivatised with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride (HFBA), and assayed by GC/MS. The methods were reproducible (R.S.D. = 5.0-16.1%), accurate (85.1-100.6%), and sensitive (LoD = 0.05-0.30ng/mg). The applied methods confirmed consumption of heroin in 18 subjects based on positive 6-acetylmorphine. Among these 18 heroin consumers, methadone was found in four, MDMA in two, and cocaine in two subjects. Cocaine only was present in two, methadone only in two, methamphetamine only in two, and MDMA only in seven of the 36 subjects. In two out of nine coloured and bleached hair samples, no drug was found. Despite the small number of subjects, this study has been able to indicate the trend in drug abuse among young people in Croatia.     

GC法和GC/MS法在地区毒品情报分析中的应用

目的探讨气相色谱法(GC)和气相色谱/质谱联用法(GC/MS)在地区毒品情报分析中的应用,并用于实际样品分析。方法采用GC/MS法定性分析毒品样品中的主成分、痕量杂质、掺假剂和稀释剂,并选择GC/FID法和内标标准曲线法定量分析上述各组分,通过定性和定量数据的统计和分析,推断该地区的毒品状况。结果用GC/MS定性分析、GC/FID定量分析,和数据的统计比对,获得了某省某年27起海洛因毒品大案样品主成分、痕量杂质、掺假剂和稀释剂组成及含量的特征,发现该省缴获的大宗海洛因毒品主要以掺假和稀释后的产品出现,且咖啡因和扑热息痛为两种主要的掺假剂和稀释剂。结论GC/MS和GC/FID法在地区毒品情报分析和打击毒品犯罪中可以发挥重要作用。     

The detection of 6-monoacetylmorphine in urine, serum and hair by GC/MS and RIA

6-Monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) is a good indicator for the intake of heroin and can be detected in blood, urine and hair of heroin users. A new radioimmunoassay (RIA) designed specifically for 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) was tested for its usefulness for the quantitation of the drug in urine, serum and hair. Its cross-reactivity with heroin and its metabolites, and related compounds was also determined. Eighty-nine hair, six serum and 25 urine samples where 6-MAM had been previously identified by GC/MS were analysed for 6-MAM with the new RIA kit. A good correlation existed between the GC/MS and RIA results for the hair samples. However, the amount of 6-MAM found in serum and urine differed considerably between the two methods. This difference could be explained by the cross-reactivity of the antibody with morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide, which are present in much larger amounts in serum and urine, than in hair. To evaluate a new rationalisation procedure, some hair samples were split into two portions after incubation. One part was analyzed for 6-MAM by RIA, and the other portion by GC/MS.     

Signature Profiling and Classification of Illicit Heroin by GC-MS Analysis of Acidic and Neutral Manufacturing Impurities

Abstract:  The illicit manufacture of heroin results in the formation of trace level acidic and neutral impurities. These impurities are detectable in illicit heroin and provide valuable information about the manufacturing process used. The isolation, derivatization, and semiquantitative analysis of neutral and acidic heroin manufacturing impurities by programmed temperature vaporizing injector-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PTV-GC-MS) is described. Trace acidic and neutral heroin impurities were isolated from basic fractions using liquid–liquid extraction. Extracted impurities were treated with N -Methyl- N -trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide followed by PTV-GC-MS analyses. Semiquantitative data were obtained using full scan mass spectrometry utilizing unique ions or ion combinations for 36 trace impurities found in crude and/or highly refined heroin samples. Minimum detection limits for acidic and neutral impurities were estimated to be at the 10⁻⁷ level relative to total morphine. Over 500 authentic heroin samples from South America, Mexico, Southwest Asia, and Southeast Asia were analyzed. Classification of illicit heroin based on the presence or absence and relative amounts of acidic and neutral impurities is presented.