甲卡西酮及其代谢物在大鼠体内的毒物代谢动力学

目的研究甲卡西酮及其代谢物卡西酮、麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的毒物代谢动力学特征。方法大鼠分别以甲卡西酮17.25mg/kg和34.5mg/kg经腹腔注射给药,给药后不同时间点经内眦静脉采血,血液中甲卡西酮及其代谢物卡西酮、麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱用HPLC-MS/MS定性、定量检测,DAS3.2.8药代动力学软件拟合动力学方程并计算毒物代谢动力学参数。结果甲卡西酮原体在大鼠血液中的代谢动力学过程符合一级吸收二室开放模型,达峰时间在给予剂量间无明显差异,剂量可以明显导致消除半衰期的延长。低剂量组代谢动力学方程为C=10515.971×e~(-0.024t)-10515.919×e~(-0.144t),高剂量组代谢动力学方程为C=12410.093×e~(-0.015t)-12409.465×e~(-0.169t)。甲卡西酮和卡西酮的检出时限为24h,麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的检出时限均为2h。甲卡西酮和卡西酮在血液中的浓度比随注射时间的变化不受药物在体内的吸收过程影响,呈指数关系。结论本研究建立的甲卡西酮毒物代谢动力学方程和参数,代谢物的检出时限及与吸毒时间的变化规律可以为甲卡西酮吸毒鉴定的合理取样,原型和代谢物的检出,浓度关系推断吸毒时间以及法医学鉴定提供理论和实验依据。     

HPLC-MS/MS法检测血液中甲卡西酮及其代谢物

目的建立同时检测血液中新精神活性物质甲卡西酮及其代谢物卡西酮、麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法,验证甲卡西酮在大鼠体内的代谢物。方法血液样品中加入内标物甲卡西酮-D3,经甲醇提取后采用InfinityLab Poroshell 120 Chiral-V型色谱柱分离,以甲醇和乙腈混合流动相恒比洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源多反应监测模式,检测腹腔注射染毒大鼠血液中甲卡西酮及其代谢物。结果血中甲卡西酮及其代谢物10~1000ng/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(r>0.999),检出限均小于2ng/mL,定量限为10ng/mL,方法准确度为87.06%~112.62%,批间及批内精密度均小于15%;腹腔注射染毒大鼠血中检出甲卡西酮、卡西酮、麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱。结论本研究建立了血液中甲卡西酮及其代谢物的HPLC-MS/MS定性、定量检测方法,初步验证卡西酮、麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱为甲卡西酮的代谢物。     

HPLC-MS/MS法检测大鼠体内氟胺酮及其代谢物动态分布规律

目的 研究氟胺酮及其代谢物(去甲氟胺酮)在大鼠体内动态分布规律,为涉氟胺酮死亡案件法医学鉴定提供实验依据.方法 将104只SD大鼠随机分为13组,1组作为空白对照组,其余12组,禁食12h,经腹腔注射0.09mg/kg氟胺酮后,分别在不同时间点(15min、30min、45min、60min、90min、120min、...     

卡西酮、甲卡西酮和4-甲基甲卡西酮的 LC-MS/MS分析方法的研究

目的 建立卡西酮、甲卡西酮、4-甲基甲卡西酮的LC-MS/MS定性定量分析方法.方法 采用Agilent 6460三重串联四极杆液质联用仪（LC/QQQ）,样品用甲醇直接提取,采用Agilent Zorbax（R）Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱（100mm×2.1mm,1.8μm）,流动相为0.1％甲酸和乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速为0.3mL/min,进样体积为3μL.质谱应用ESI源、正离子模式、多反应监测（MRM）方式检测卡西酮、甲卡西酮、4-甲基甲卡西酮.结果 卡西酮的线性范围为1ng/mL～25000ng/mL,甲卡西酮的线性范围为0.1ng/mL～～10000ng/mL,4-甲基甲卡西酮的线性范围为1ng/mL～10000ng/mL.结论 该方法简单、准确,灵敏度高,可以满足案件鉴定工作的需要.     

UPLC-MS/MS法监测污水中甲卡西酮稳定性试验研究

目的通过正交试验比较甲卡西酮在不同溶剂pH值、浓缩温度、保存时间和保存温度提取条件下的稳定性,建立适合污水中甲卡西酮稳定测定的提取制备方法用于超高压液相色谱质谱联用仪的检测。方法在甲卡西酮检测过程中设置4个因素(提取溶剂pH值、浓缩温度、保存时间、保存温度)进行考察,每个因素选择3个水平,然后采用L9(3~4)进行正交试验,提取液使用液相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱仪(Exion LC/QTRAP 6500)检测,以甲卡西酮m/z=105.1的子离子峰面积作为定量指标,采用SPSS 16.0统计软件进行数据分析找出最佳条件。结果正交试验结果分析表明,提取溶剂pH=2.0,保存时间0d,保存温度-20℃,浓缩温度60℃为最佳提取条件,并根据该条件进行了方法学考察,结果表明甲卡西酮在1ng/L～500ng/L浓度范围内线性良好,提取回收率90%,RSD5.33%,基质效应6.52%,RSD0.31%,均符合相关标准要求。结论本研究通过正交试验筛选到的甲卡西酮制备方法有利于其稳定检测,适用于质谱的定性定量分析,可用于对污水中甲卡西酮成分的监测工作。     

国外论文文摘

甲苯丙胺对小鼠形成畸形的影响[英]/山本淑子//日本法医学杂志。-1992,46(2)。-126～131 将甲苯丙胺生理盐水溶液,按体重(Kg)分为11、13、14、15、17、19、21mg共7种注射到妊娠8天的小鼠腹腔内。在妊娠18天开腹检查胎仔状态,主要畸形为外脑症、口盖裂、眼睑开裂、肋骨异常。随着甲苯丙胺投与量的增加,则母体死亡率、胎仔死亡率、畸形胎仔发生率、具有畸形胎仔的母体数便增加。19及21mg/kg组比对照组畸形发生率明显升高,单独向腹腔投与甲苯丙胺时发生畸形的阈值约为19mg/kg,此量约相当于甲苯丙胺滥用者1日平均摄取量的1/10。小鼠、人对甲苯丙胺形成畸形的感受性差异尚不明确,但滥用甲苯丙胺的女性产生畸形儿的危险性是不能否定的。母体死亡率21mg/kg组最高,但畸形发生率     

腹腔连续注射低剂量氯胺酮后大鼠海马LC3和Beclin1的表达

目的研究腹腔连续注射低剂量氯胺酮后大鼠海马自噬相关蛋白LC3、Beclin1的表达及其意义。方法 SD大鼠30只随机分为用药组和对照组,用药组大鼠以5mg/kg的剂量腹腔注射氯胺酮,每间隔30min 1次,共5次。对照组予以等量生理盐水。用药组大鼠按用药后时间不同分为6小组,分别于末次给药后1,3,6,12,24,48h后取海马组织备用,用免疫荧光技术和Western blot技术检测大鼠海马组织中LC3、Beclin1的表达,应用统计学处理,比较用药组与对照组的蛋白表达差异。结果与对照组比较,用药组大鼠海马组织中LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ值在1h表达开始增多,6h呈强表达,Beclinl的表达在6h开始增多,12,24,48h都呈强表达(P<0.05)。结论腹腔连续注射低剂量氯胺酮能促进海马组织发生自噬,自噬增强是对氯胺酮毒性的反应。     

GC-MS分析尿液中甲卡西酮

目的建立尿液中甲卡西酮的气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)分析方法。方法在尿液中加入内标双苯戊二氨酯(SKF525A)和pH=9的缓冲溶液,用乙酸乙酯提取,提取液在50℃氮气流下挥干,残余物用甲醇溶解,用GC-MS分析。结果尿液中甲卡西酮在0.02~2.00μg/m L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,线性方程为y=0.301 9 x+0.018 9(r=0.999 2),检出限为0.01μg/m L。尿液中甲卡西酮回收率为96.4%~99.2%,日内精密度为5.8%~7.6%,日间精密度为6.0%~8.1%。结论该方法操作简便、灵敏度高,可用于司法鉴定实践尿液样品中甲卡西酮的分析。     

褪黑素对吗啡依赖大鼠复吸行为的影响

目的 建立大鼠条件性位置偏爱模型(CPP),探讨褪黑素对吗啡依赖大鼠复吸行为的影响。方法连续6d按剂量递增法于大鼠皮下注射吗啡,诱导实验组和吗啡对照组大鼠CPP形成,然后用盐水替代吗啡皮下注射大鼠10d,使CPP逐渐消退后,再用吗啡4mg/kg单次引燃注射激发消退的条件性位置偏爱复燃,3个实验组分别在注射吗啡前30min腹腔注射褪黑素20mg/、40mg/kg和80mg/kg,分别观察各组大鼠行为。结果 经6d吗啡训练后,实验组和吗啡对照组大鼠在伴药箱的停留时间显著延长,吗啡诱导的大鼠CPP形成;停用吗啡后,经10d的生理盐水注射,吗啡诱导的大鼠CPP逐渐消退;吗啡4mg/kg单次引燃注射使大鼠消退的CPP恢复,而实验组可以剂量依赖性地减弱大鼠CPP恢复。结论 吗啡诱导大鼠CPP形成,褪黑素在一定程度抑制吗啡依赖大鼠的复吸行为。     

N-甲基-3,4-亚甲二氧基卡西酮的确证

目的 对毒品案件样本进行N-甲基-3,4-亚甲二氧基卡西酮(bk-MDMA)确证检验.方法 采用阴离子检测、颜色反应、气质联用(GC/MS)、核磁共振(NMR)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等方法对毒品案件中白色晶体样本进行剖析确证.结果 快速筛查结果提示样本为具有亚甲二氧基结构的仲胺物质的盐酸盐,经GC/MS、NMR、FTIR检验,确证样本为bk-MDMA,系3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetmaine,MDMA)的卡西酮类似物.结论 采用本文所用方法可以对毒品案件样本中N-甲基-3,4-亚甲二氧基卡西酮成分进行确证,该药具有滥用的可能性应引起相关部门的重视.     

2'-氯地西泮及其代谢物的药代动力学特征的LC/MS研究

目的利用液质联用法研究2’-氯地西泮及其代谢物在大鼠体内的药代动力学规律。方法SD大鼠经灌胃给药2’-氯地西泮2.625mg/kg,给药后采集不同时间的血样。蛋白沉淀法处理血浆样品后,进样分析。结果2’-氯地西泮及其代谢物在给药后1h均达到最高血药浓度。2’-氯地西泮在大鼠体内的半衰期约为93h,在给药后144h均能检测到。3种代谢产物地洛西泮、氯甲西泮、劳拉西泮在大鼠血浆的检出时限分别24h、144h、48h。结论2’-氯地西泮在大鼠体内吸收较快,半衰期较长,原体药物和代谢物在大鼠体内的检测窗口均较长。该研究可为临床救治2’-氯地西泮中毒患者以及相关案件的侦破提供一定的实验依据。     

Determination of cocaine in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

A qualitative method for the determination of cocaine alone without its metabolites in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed. The assay used helium as carrier gas, a 30-m bonded phase fused silica OV-1 capillary column, and solid injection at 290 degrees C evaporator temperature. The cocaine concentrations in hair were determined also by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The values obtained are the sum of cocaine and its metabolites. Both GC/MS and RIA meet the requirements for the determination of drug abuse by two different methods in forensic science.     

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) concentrations in humans and factors affecting endogenous production

The endogenous nature of the drug of abuse gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has caused various interpretative problems for toxicologists. In order to obtain data for the presence of endogenous GHB in humans and to investigate any factors that may affect this, a volunteer study was undertaken. The GHB concentrations in 119 urine specimens from GHB-free subjects and 25 urine specimens submitted for toxicological analysis showed maximal urinary GHB concentrations of 3mg/l. Analysis of 15 plasma specimens submitted for toxicological analysis detected no measurable GHB (less than 2.5mg/l). Studies in a male and female volunteer in which different dietary food groups were ingested at weekly intervals, showed significant creatinine-independent intra-individual fluctuation with overall urine GHB concentrations between 0 and 2.55, and 0 and 2.74mg/l, respectively. Urinary concentrations did not appear to be affected by the particular dietary groups studied.The concentrations measured by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) lend further support to the proposed urinary and plasma interpretative cut-offs of 10 and 4mg/l, respectively, where below this it is not possible to determine whether any GHB detected is endogenous or exogenous in nature.     

MA与HIV-Tat协同作用致大鼠相关脑区ROS、GSH-PX和SOD的变化

目的 观察甲基苯丙胺(MA)与HIV-Tat蛋白协同作用致大鼠相关脑区活性氧(ROS)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的变化,探讨协同作用对神经系统的影响.方法 50只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为实验组:MA组(10mg/kg MA,每日两次腹腔注射,连续4d)、HIV-Tat组(10μg HIV-Tat注入大鼠脑纹状体)和MA+HIV-Tat组(按MA组注射MA 4d后按HIV-Tat组注入HIV-Tat);对照组:生理盐水腹腔注射或纹状体内注射.各组大鼠分别于注射结束后48h和7d处死,取各脑区脑组织制作匀浆;荧光分光光度计检测ROS含量,酶标仪检测GSH-PX和SOD吸光度,再根据蛋白质的浓度分别计算其活力.结果 各实验组与对照组比较,各脑区ROS含量有不同程度增高,GSH-PX和SOD活力则有不同程度下降,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);其中MA+ HIV-Tat组与MA组和HIV-Tat组比较,ROS含量升高显著,GSH-PX和SOD活力下降明显(P＜0.01).结论 MA和HIV-Tat协同作用能够产生大量的ROS,并降低GSH-PX和SOD的活力,揭示ROS、GSH-PX和SOD参与了MA与HIV-Tat的协同神经毒性作用.     

Postmortem redistribution of digoxin in rats

Adult male Wistar rats were treated with either 0.1 or 3 mg/kg body weight X day of digoxin for five days, then killed and stored at 4 degrees C for 12 h in an attempt to mimic the normal preautopsy procedures in our hospital. In rats treated with 0.1 mg/kg body weight X day, the antemortem serum digoxin concentrations (SDC) were 1.1 +/- 0.4 ng/mL while the 12-h postmortem concentration was markedly increased (16.3 +/- 5.9 ng/mL) (P less than 0.01). In rats treated with 3 mg/kg body weight X day, SDC was not changed significantly (11.2 +/- 4.8 ng/mL antemortem and 13.3 +/- 6 ng/mL postmortem). Postmortem redistribution of digoxin was assessed by injection of 125I-labelled digoxin with or without pretreatment with the unlabelled drug. The results indicate that after death passive redistribution of digoxin may take place. When the SDC are within the therapeutic or low toxic range, digoxin may reenter the blood. High antemortem serum concentrations of digoxin may prevent such passive redistribution. Therefore, antemortem digoxin intoxication cannot be reliably inferred on the basis of high postmortem levels of the drug. Digoxin intoxication can be ruled out when postmortem SDC remain within the therapeutic range. The above changes cast doubt on some of the forensic and cardiologic literature, which has in the past been based on incorrect assumptions concerning postmortem behavior of digoxin.     

Diethyl phosphates accumulation in rabbits' hair as an indicator of long term exposure to diazinon and chlorpyrifos

Long term exposure to organophosphate pesticides can be evaluated by quantitative analysis of their non-specific metabolites in hair matrix. The aim of this study was to determine whether these metabolites can be internally incorporated into the hair of rabbits exposed to diazinon and chlorpyrifos. The influence of dose and dose duration of each pesticide dosage were investigated. Three groups of rabbits were exposed to different dosages of diazinon (3.0 and 6.0mg/kg/day) and chlorpyrifos (18.0mg/kg/day) via drinking water. Hair samples were collected every month and analyzed for diethyl phosphate (DEP) and diethyl thiophosphate (DETP) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mean concentrations of the low-dose treated group, ranged from 112 to 257pg/mg for DEP and from 295 to 515pg/mg for DETP in hair. The high-dose treated group demonstrated a range of mean concentrations from 142 to 585pg/mg for DEP and from 406 to 988pg/mg for DETP in hair. For the chlorpyrifos treated group, the concentrations ranged from 138 to 1070 for DEP and from 554 to 886pg/mg for DETP. Analysis revealed the incorporation of these metabolites into the rabbit hair in a dosage and dose duration-dependent manner. These data confirms the ability of using hair analysis for diethyl phosphates to assess long-term OP exposure.