我国建立刑事辩护准入制度的思考

刑事辩护制度的改革已经成为我国刑事司法改革的当务之急,建立我国的刑事辩护准入制度,不仅是稳定辩护律师队伍、提高刑事辩护质量、全面实现刑事辩护社会价值的需要,也是实现司法公正,适应现代社会专业化发展的需要。本文指出刑事辩护制度的建立应该从死刑案件开始,分步骤、分阶段地设立刑事辩护的准入门槛,同时设置相应的监督、惩戒以及退出机制,为刑事辩护准入制度的实施创造良好的制度环境。     

律师辩护权独立性刍议——基于诉讼结构和制度目的论视角的分析

从现代刑事诉讼结构和律师辩护制度之目的的视角考察,律师辩护制度的设立,不仅在于加强刑事被告人的辩护能力,保障其程序主体地位,更在于通过加强刑事被追诉者的辩护能力,以促进控辩对抗,从而保障刑事诉讼发现真实的程序功能,以维系控、辩、审各自独立互相制约的刑事诉讼结构,并维护现代刑事诉讼保障人权的制度目的,以及建基其上的国家刑事司法的法治国诉求。故而,律师辩护之独立性有其制度基础和制度目的。     

推进刑辩全覆盖纵深发展

<正>刑事辩护全覆盖是高质量发展的基础。推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革,是党中央在坚持全面依法治国,推进法治中国建设背景下作出的重大改革部署。应发挥刑事审判对侦查活动的规范和制约作用,进一步推动刑事审判方式的改革和完善,加强刑事审判中被告人辩护权利的保障,乘势而上推进此项改革。     

新《刑事诉讼法》对刑事辩护、代理制度的修改完善——兼述新《刑事诉讼法》对辩护、代理制度规定的立法特点

刑事辩护、代理制度的完善一直是我国刑事诉讼制度改革所努力的方向。中国的刑事辩护、代理制度，特别是律师辩护制度，是在极其贫瘠的土壤中发展起来的。作为现代刑事诉讼基石之一的刑事辩护，中国传统的法制对此始终采取排斥和轻视的态度，在诉讼制度的建立和诉讼方式变革方面形成了一道道难以逾越的障碍。自上世纪末开始，我国对诉讼方式进行了大刀阔斧的改革，力图从根本上摈弃传统的纠问式诉讼，引进西方的控辩式诉讼，彻底改变由法官“大包大揽”的法庭审判体制，构建“三角形”的刑事诉讼格局。     

我国刑事辩护制度的改革简

辩护制度是否发达是衡量一个国家民主法治与人权保障程度的重要标志。在我国,刑事辩护制度作为刑事诉讼的重要组成部分,其相关内容主要规定在刑事诉讼法中。2012年《刑事诉讼法》修改把辩护制度作为重点改革的领域,使我国辩护制度向民主化、科学化、法治化迈进了一步。十八届三中全会作出的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》中关于司法改革部分也涉及到辩护制度的改革完善。     

我国刑事辩护制度的改革

正辩护制度是否发达是衡量一个国家民主法治与人权保障程度的重要标志。在我国,刑事辩护制度作为刑事诉讼的重要组成部分,其相关内容主要规定在刑事诉讼法中。2012年《刑事诉讼法》修改把辩护制度作为重点改革的领域,使我国辩护制度向民主化、科学化、法治化迈进了一步。十八届三中全会作出的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》中关于司法改革部分也涉及到辩护制度的改革完善。     

从刑事司法国际标准的角度看我国刑事辩护制度

刑事辩护制度作为保障被指控人合法权益最为重要的制度之一，受到了联合国极大的关注。自１９４８年以来，联合国通过制定一系列国际性文件，确立了刑事辩护制度方面的原则和标准，旨在为各国刑事辩护制度的修改和完善提供指导性规则。本文对刑事辩护国际标准的内容及确立的依据作了具体分析，并比较了改革后的中国刑事辩护制度与国际标准之间的异同，从而为我们认识中国刑事辩护制度的现状提供了新的视角     

浅议我国律师辩护制度

辩护制度是否完善,代表着一个国家的法治水平。我国律师辩护制度建立的时间不长,无论是在立法还是在司法方面,都存在诸多需要完善的之处,从而限制了辩护律师作用的发挥。为此,应不断完善律师辩护制度,消除不利因素,充分发挥律师在刑事辩护乃至刑事法治实践中的积极作用。     

刑事辩护的几个理论问题

刑事诉讼制度的改革和发展，对传统的刑事辩护理论提出了挑战。根据裁判者是否参与的标准，辩护可以区分为“自然意义上的辩护”和“法律意义上的辩护”。根据近年来刑事证据制度发展和量刑制度改革的实际进程，中国刑事辩护逐步具有了包括“无罪辩护”、“量刑辩护”和“程序性辩护”在内的多元化辩护形态。基于辩护律师与被追诉者之间所具有的委...     

公、检、法、律四轮缺一不可

在刑事辩护当中,辩护律师的功能与定位一直是理论与实务界关注的热点问题。的确,在笔者看来,目前,中国刑事辩护制度的发展已经到了一个关键时期。在木桶理论中,木桶的容量取决于最短的那块木板。法治是社会制度木桶中最短的木板,而在法治的木桶中,刑事辩护则是其最短的那块木板。要解决这个问题,除去在刑事诉讼法的和律师法的修改中,对于刑事辩护的功能与辩护律师角色予以合理定位,对于辩护律     

刑事和解:一种新的刑罚改革理念

目前,在司法改革过程中,建立一套既能切实保障犯罪被害人利益,又可以克服传统刑罚体系弊端的刑罚制度,成为最为热门的话题之一。在当前酝酿的刑罚体制改革之中,可以考虑借鉴西方社会的做法,引进刑事和解制度。刑事和解论有关刑事责任的理解,对于从传统的道义责任论向现代的社会责任的转变,极富启发意义。     

我国刑事诉讼制度的进步与发展——2011年《刑事诉讼法修正案(草案)》评介

2011年8月通过初审并公布于众、征询意见的《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法修正案》（草案）中对证据概念与种类所做的变化、对证明标准的进一步明确与完善以及非法证据排除规则的确立等内容充分表明我国刑事证据制度有了巨大的进步与发展。与此同时,修正案还对辩护制度、刑事强制措施以及侦查程序等方面的刑事诉讼制度做了改革与完善。诚然,修正案中有些刑事制度的改革依然存在不尽如人意之处,如非法证据排除规则,但是必须要说明的是修正案中所做的有关刑事诉讼制度的改革在一定程度上集中反映了我国刑事诉讼制度的进步与发展。     

论我国刑事审判监督程序之改革

The amendment of China’s Criminal Procedure Law has attracted the eyes of both the academic and judicial practice circles. In this research, the authors focus on a particular aspect of the criminal procedure law called the criminal procedure for trial supervision (also called as criminal retrial procedure) to conduct a comprehensive and systematic discussion from three aspects—the necessity of its existence and reform, the concept of its reconstruction and the detailed concepts of reform. The authors consider that the existence of the criminal retrial procedure is in line with the law of litigation, and necessary for the realization of judicial justice; there are obvious defects in China’s criminal retrial procedure in view of the realization of judicial justice and the improvement of efficiency, which calls for reform based on updated concepts. This article points out that the modern criminal retrial procedure must combine the concepts of the pursuit of justice, correction of erroneous judgments and res judicata and the rule of prohibition against double jeopardy. The authors also give several suggestions on the reform of China’s criminal retrial procedure.     

论辩护律师的法庭地位——以律师与法官的关系为视角

有关辩护律师法庭地位的理论学说,大体可归纳为辩护人系司法机关、辩护人系当事人的利益代理人和辩护人系限制的司法机关三种类型。我国对辩护律师法庭地位认识的变化,总体上经历了从司法机关理论到当事人利益代理人理论的转变过程。综合考虑我国对律师的管理及定位、我国刑事司法对实体真实主义的追求、刑事审判模式的职权主义传统及未来的改革走向等因素,我国刑事审判程序中辩护人的地位宜建立在限制的司法机关之理论基础上。     

中国刑事辩护制度发展的命运——以建立中国控辩协商制度为视角

从立法的角度看,中国刑事诉讼法的修改,无疑是中国刑事司法改革的一个巨大进步,甚至有人把它说成是刑事诉讼立法科学化、民主化的“一个重要里程碑”也不为过。然而,在司法实践中,就刑事诉讼法的修改对中国刑事辩护制度所引起的实质性影响而言,不仅不是巨大进步,而且是严重倒退。中国的刑事辩护正面临着让立法者始料不及的艰难困境。中国目前的辩护制度状况尚无法满足辩诉交易中国化的基本要求。只有实现中国辩护律师队伍的专业化,赋予中国律师必要的辩护权利和执业保障权利,才能使得辩诉交易在中国移植后,被告人有适格的辩护律师提供帮助,以确保其在控辩协商中得到公平对待。     

Texas Criminal Defense Attorneys’ Perceptions of Crime Victim Involvement in Criminal Prosecutions

The purpose of this study was to test the utility of the Victim Satisfaction Model of the criminal justice system by quantitatively assessing criminal defense attorneys’ perceptions of victims’ involvement in the charging and plea bargaining stages of the criminal process. A cross-section research design was used in this study. Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to defense attorneys who regularly practice criminal law in Texas. The results of this study support the utility of the Victim Satisfaction Model of the criminal justice system and further our understanding of victim involvement in the decision making and have important implications for the American criminal justice system.     

论修复性司法

与传统刑事司法相比,修复性司法在满足各方当事人需要、吸引社会公众参与、预防和减少犯罪、降低成本、提高成效等方面具有优势,但也有过度依赖当事人、适合处理的案件有限、社会控制的不当扩大和对弱势群体及当事人权利保护不力等局限。修复性司法在国家在刑事司法中的地位、刑事司法的功能、对正义的理解和犯罪解决机制多元化等方面对我们有重要启示。改革我国刑事司法,应跨越单纯改革刑事诉讼程序的狭隘思路,对刑事司法机制进行重塑,逐步建立统一协调、良性互动、功能互补、程序衔接、彼此支持的双轨制,以更好地解决犯罪问题。     

The Right to Representation by Criminal Defense Counsel in Ethiopia: A Critical Analysis

This paper explores and critically reflects on the legal foundations and the practice of criminal defense in Ethiopia within the overall due process framework of a fair criminal trial. A brief review of Ethiopian constitutional history shows that the right to representation by legal counsel has been one of the fundamental due process rights granted to accused persons in criminal proceedings. The constitutional right to counsel is, however, not specified by detailed legal provisions. A logical consequence of this is that the enjoyment of this right is fraught with legal and practical problems. While the legal problems, among other things, include obscurity regarding the scope and content of the right, the practical problems include absence of public defense offices at district levels where the vast majority of criminal proceedings take place. Consequently, accused persons appear during trials without the aid of legal counsel; they are in fact deprived of their due process rights and marginalized. This has a number of legal ramifications both to the accused and the criminal justice system. In sum, the constitutional provision of the right to criminal defense counsel is undelivered and remains a hollow promise. It is therefore difficult to uphold the constitutional norms which underlie criminal trial process such as procedural justice, as well as the legitimacy of the government. The justice sectors are responsible to ensuring due process and equal protection. Substantial justice reforms are needed at all levels.     

Limitations on the ability to negotiate justice: attorney perspectives on guilt,innocence, and legal advice in the current plea system

In the American criminal justice system the vast majority of criminal convictions occur as the result of guilty pleas, often made as a result of plea bargains, rather than jury trials. The incentives offered in exchange for guilty pleas mean that both innocent and guilty defendants plead guilty. We investigate the role of attorneys in this context, through interviews with criminal defense attorneys. We examine defense attorney perspectives on the extent to which innocent defendants are (and should be) pleading guilty in the current legal framework and investigate their views of their own role in this complex system. We also use a hypothetical case to probe the ways in which defense attorneys consider guilt or innocence when providing advice on pleas. Results indicate that attorney advice is influenced by guilt or innocence, but also that attorneys are limited in the extent to which they can negotiate justice for their clients in a system in which uncertainty and large discrepancies between outcomes of guilty pleas and conviction at trial can make it a sensible option to plead guilty even when innocent. Results also suggest conflicting opinions over the role of the attorney in the plea-bargaining process.     

司法公正与民事诉讼审前程序的完善

现代司法理念体系中司法公正居于核心地位,它是法院审判活动的基本要求和终极目标。目前我国诉讼程序法对诉讼审前程序的规范存在不尽人意之处,答辩制度、证据交换制度、举证时限制度中的缺憾成为制约司法公正的一个重要因素。为此,应当建立强制答辩制度;完善证据交换制度,对当事人查阅案件材料进行必要规范,尽量同一天送达举证通知书,将举证期限届满之日确定为证据交换之日或开庭之日,或者实行证据密封交接;对举证期限申请延期的理由予以明确和具体化,并适用举证期限顺延制度,促进现代司法理念建设,探索实现司法公正的新途径。