"农民工"平等权的宪法保障

农民工的权利平等是一个宪法问题,其基本权利的保障必须在宪法层面上予以解决,即农民工的权利应当得到国家政府的平等关切;农民工平等权利需通过宪法诉讼与宪法救济加以实现;国家需修正分配平等的理论与政策;废除农民工的观念歧视.     

新农村建设的路径选择与对策——以农民权利为中心的制度创新和法律保障为视角

新农村建设关键在于要围绕提高、尊重农民权利为中心而展开相应的制度创新。其中心主要从＂放权＂、＂限权＂和＂保权＂三个方面展开。所谓＂放权＂,即要营造实现农民与国家之间对称性互动的良性机制;所谓＂限权＂,即明确国家权力与农民自治权利之间的界限,实现由指令型政府到服务型政府的转变;所谓＂保权＂,即通过相关的制度创新和立法,保障农民各项权利平等的实现以及完善相应的权利救济体制。     

私人财产权的双重保障——兼论税法与私法的承接与调整

财产权是公民维持其物质生活的基本权之一,对公民生存权等诸项权利的实现有着重要的意义。在财产权的实现过程中,不仅将面临来自平等主体的权利侵害,更将无法避免以参与财产收益分配为目的的征税权的侵害。为此,必须通过私法与税法的双重制度构建,为私人财产权的实现提供全面的保障。私法通过财产权行使规则的确立,为财产权提供积极的制度保障,而税法则必须通过对国家征税权的自觉约束与规范,防止征税权对财产权造成过度的侵害,为私人财产权提供消极的保障。着重研究私人财产权双重制度保障的必要性与可行性,并以此为基础,分析如何实现两者的相互协调,避免规则的冲突。     

论加强人权司法保障——党的十八届四中全会精神的人权解读

司法是人权救济的最后防线,人权司法保障的强化应当致力于实现四大转变:从人权上升为诉权,以保障知情权、陈述权、辩护辩论权、申请权、申诉权;从人权法律原则细化为人权法律规则,以落实罪刑法定、疑罪从无和非法证据排除制度;从纸上的权利现实化为行动中的权利,以强制执行维护法律权威和保障胜诉权利;从信访过份扩张转变到依法终结涉法涉诉信访,以达致维权的法治化和专业化.     

论作为人权的医疗卫生服务保障权

健康权的争议性首先表现在健康权概念名称的争议性上。现有健康权、医疗权、卫生保健权等概念名称上的分歧,是因为忽略了各种权利所指向的义务对象和设定的义务内容的不同。作为基本人权针对国家并使国家承担建立医疗保障体系和公共卫生服务体系、保障和促进人民健康义务的积极权利是医疗卫生服务保障权,而不是健康权或其它权利。     

证据法的基本权利保障取向

证据法的理性主义传统,既要求通过理性证明的方式去查明事实真相,而非诉诸神明和暴力;又不以追求真相为最高目的,而是将其视为实现正义的手段。这种理性传统,决定了法治国家证据制度具有求真、求善的双重功能,并将公正奉为首要价值,从而奠定了基本权利保障的价值取向。我国证据法学研究和证据制度建设正在经历从义务本位向权利本位转型,权利意识逐步觉醒。在这个转型过程中,应该将人权司法保障奉为证据法公正价值的核心内容,在贯彻无罪推定、不得自证其罪原则的前提下,确保刑事被告质证权的行使,发挥非法证据排除规则、作证特免权规则对刑事被告基本权利的保障作用。     

平等机会委员会与平等权利保护——香港的经验

平等权是宪法所确认的公民的基本权利,但由于平等问题的复杂性,平等权利保护面临着诸多困境。探讨在中国建立一种以实现社会公正为目的,以接受市民反歧视投诉为手段,以非司法性方法解决平等权纠纷并结合宣传、教育、法律协助等综合职能的平等权利保障机构的可能性,具有重要的意义。分析香港平等机会委员会运作的优势与不足,中国大陆可以在如下几个方面有所借鉴:制定统一的、更富操作性的反歧视立法;建立反歧视立法的执行机构;建立该机构与立法、行政、司法三机关之间的合理联系;注重反歧视投诉机制的合理性和科学性。     

“社会宪法”及其制度性保障功能

社会宪法,即与社会保障制度或社会保障法直接或间接相关的宪法规范的集合。我国的现行宪法在经过四次修改之后,可析出许多社会宪法规范,社会宪法规范既课予国家积极的作为义务,又为国家在制度形成中的裁量权设定界限。应以社会宪法规范社会保障制度实践,明确社会保障制度建构的国家责任,解决"同经济社会发展水平相适应"与公民物质帮助权的平等保护的冲突,取消社会保障资源分配中的歧视性制度安排。     

论住宅权的制度保障

国家对社会居民负担的保障其居住权利的义务,是人权保障的基本内容之一。当代国家一般均建立有保障住宅权的法律制度。本文对我国应该建立的住宅权法律制度进行了探讨．提出完善住宅权制度保障两个层面的问题：一是公法层面的问题,即在住宅权社会保障机制方面,应该建立住宅权的社会保障制度和自力保障制度;二是私法层面的问题．即在民法保障制度方面．需理顺住宅所有权与房基地使用权之间的关系、建立公寓化住宅所有权制度、建立居住权制度和完善不动产物权变动公示制度。     

农民平等权的法律保障问题

我国农民应享有与其他社会主体平等的权利 ,但从整体上看 ,他们的政治平等权、经济平等权和社会平等权均缺乏法律保障。正视农民在以上三个方面遭受的种种不平等际遇 ,进一步采取切实措施促进和保障农民的平等权利 ,使他们在新的历史条件下同其他社会阶层一起更好地发展 ,这是建设法治国家和法治社会的应有之义。     

Local Authorities and the Accountability Gap in a Fragmenting Schools System

Reforms to the English education system under the UK's coalition government are building on the so‐called ‘schools revolution’ that previous Labour governments began through legislation increasing both schools' autonomy from local authorities and the system's diversity. Growing numbers of state‐funded schools have converted to academies outside local authority control, particularly since the Academies Act 2010, while opportunities have emerged for ‘free schools’ to be established by various interest groups. The right to establish a school has normative human rights underpinnings, yet the government's policy as a whole is particularly controversial due to the increased risk of social division, instability of local schooling arrangements and significantly reduced local democratic accountability for state funded education. This article questions whether, against a background of three decades of centralising educational reform and a concomitant decline in the role of local (education) authorities, the local public interest in education is being adequately safeguarded.     

Human rights of persons with mental disabilities. The European Convention of Human Rights

It is not necessary to recount the numerous charters and declarations ... to understand human rights.... All persons are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Everyone ... is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in the international human rights instruments without discrimination, such as the rights to life, liberty, security of the person, privacy, health, education, work, social security, and to marry and found a family. Yet, violations of human rights are a reality to be found in every corner of the globe.     

乙肝歧视与我国未来的反歧视立法

现实生活中,乙肝病毒携带者在入学、就业等领域遭受着不同程度的歧视性待遇。为了保护乙肝病毒携带者的宪 法平等权,我国未来的反歧视立法应当在立法模式、基本制度和具体规则等方面精心设计。     

参与式治理与根本政治制度的生活化——“一体多元”与国家微观民主的建设

政治制度本质上是一种关于利益和权利义务的关系组合。这种关系组合影响到人们对制度的合作或者冲突。因为观念和利益的多元化,社会成员与制度的冲突引发了高发的群体性事件。因此,解决当前公共治理问题,关键是要考虑体制改进。通过落实宪法所规定的人民代表大会制与民众直接参与式治理的结合,可以提升微观民主建设的质量,保障多元民主,为宏观民主治理提供制度基础。     

性别分层的法律蕴涵

性别不平等、性别歧视、女人的"隐而不见性",都深深地根植于社会结构之中,深受财富、威望和权力之影响。当社会发生变化之时,一切都在改变。人类的性包含了很多社会、文化、历史因素的,性正是被这些因素所构建、所塑就的。自宋至清,无论是寡妇、女儿还是妾的财产继承权都不可和男子的继承权相提并论、同日而语,这俨然是性别在财产方面的一种分层。性别暴力是一种男性支配的表现,不是天生的性欲,当一个文化贬抑"女性化"特质时,男性就会借由性别暴力和其他形式的支配来贬抑女性。性法律是性分层和性迫害最强有力的根据。因此,性别在法律上得以分层,并成为性别不平等、性别压迫的来源、媒介甚至工具,尽管这种分层是不完全的。     

论未成年人受教育权的平等保障——以“绿领巾”事件为切入

平等原则与自由原则一样构成人权的重要原则。鉴于平等权内容的特殊性,20世纪以来禁止歧视已成为平等原则的实质性建构过程中的最基本因素。依据《取缔教育歧视公约》关于歧视的定义,发生于西安的“绿领巾”事件已构成教育歧视。     

体育运动中性别歧视的法律规制简

体育性别歧视是体育运动中对某种性别参与者的不平等对待.奥林匹克运动有性别歧视的传统.体育性别歧视的样态表现在：体育参与机会不均等、同工不同酬和体育性骚扰.它侵权的类别有：体育参与权、体育劳动权和体育人格权.反体育性别歧视的法律制度体现在国际公约方面和国内立法方面.体育性别歧视法律应对机制存在不足,应该对其进行完善.     

A GOOD EXAMPLE OF PARENT ADVOCACY FOR RIGHTS IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN CHINA

While children with disabilities experience exclusion and segregation in education, parents’ involvement has been very limited due to the lack of parent support in China. Negative attitudes toward disability in an environment deeply influenced by the individual model of disability thinking makes it crucial for parents to advocate for their children’s rights in inclusive education through collaborative and organized efforts. This article examines barriers obstructing disabled children’s rights in pursuing inclusive education, barriers parents face to advocate for their children, and the development of parent support. The author argues that equal and inclusive education for all has a broader social impact beyond disability rights to eliminate barriers and pursue dignity for all. In doing so, the author reveals existing structural inequalities facing inclusive education, encourages the momentum for future changes, and utilizes a good example of parent advocacy for a deeper and meaningful policy advancement to overcome discrimination on the basis of disability that causes segregation and exclusion in education. Recommendations include strategies for the construction of a support network for parents to play their important roles in advancing the rights of their disabled children in inclusive education.     

Promoting Gender Equality: A Systematic Review of Interventions

More than four decades have passed since the United Nation’s Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted. Now is an opportune time to consider whether the interventions seeking to realise CEDAW’s aspirations have brought us closer to achieving gender equality. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesise evidence for the effectiveness of social justice, cognitive, or behaviour-change interventions that sought to reduce gender inequality, gender bias, or discrimination against women or girls. Interventions could be implemented in any context, with any mode of delivery and duration, if they measured gender equity or discrimination outcomes, and were published in English in peer-reviewed journals. Papers on violence against women and sexuality were not eligible. Seventy-eight papers reporting qualitative (n?=?36), quantitative (n?=?23), and multi-methods (n?=?19) research projects met the eligibility criteria after screening 7,832 citations identified from psycINFO, ProQuest, Scopus searches, reference lists and expert recommendations. Findings were synthesised narratively. Improved gender inclusion was the most frequently reported change (n?=?39), particularly for education and media interventions. Fifty percent of interventions measuring social change in gender equality did not achieve beneficial effects. Most gender mainstreaming interventions had only partial beneficial effects on outcomes, calling into question their efficacy in practice. Twenty-eight interventions used education and awareness-raising strategies, which also predominantly had only partial beneficial effects. Overall research quality was low to moderate, and the key findings created doubt that interventions to date have achieved meaningful change. Interventions may not have achieved macrolevel change because they did not explicitly address meso and micro change. We conclude with a summary of the evidence for key determinants of the promotion of gender equality, including a call to address men’s emotional responses (micro) in the process of achieving gender equality (micro/meso/macrolevels).

     

Caste Discrimination: A Twenty‐First Century Challenge for UK Discrimination Law?1

Discrimination based on caste affects at least 270 million people worldwide, mostly in South Asia. Caste as a system of social organisation has been exported from its regions of origin to diaspora communities such as the UK, yet despite the prohibition of caste‐based discrimination in international human rights law caste is not recognised as a ground of discrimination in English law. The overhaul of its equality framework and the proposed new single equality act present the UK with an opportunity to align national legislation with international law obligations. The Government's decision not to include protection against caste discrimination in the new legislation leaves race and religion as the only possible legal ‘homes’ for caste. This article considers the argument for legal recognition of caste discrimination in the UK, the capacity of race and religion to subsume caste as a ground of discrimination, and the role and limitations of law in addressing ‘new’ forms of discrimination such as casteism.