基于通用报告引物的5个Y-SNP复合扩增及其单倍型

目的建立一种简便、经济、高效的SNP复合扩增体系,为法医学应用打下方法学基础。方法选择5个Y-SNP位点——IMS-JST164520、IMS-JST021354、IMS-JST003305、M119和M134,针对每一位点设计5′端带有通用报告引物(universal reporter primer,URP)的等位基因特异性引物,先利用等位基因特异性PCR技术扩增不同位点的等位基因片段,再利用荧光标记的URP扩增检测所有位点的等位基因。结果成功构建了5个Y-SNP荧光复合扩增体系,分型结果显示:同一SNP位点的两个不同等位基因表现为不同颜色的产物峰,不同SNP位点间等位基因片段长度不同。5个Y-SNP在武汉汉族群体中的单倍型多样性为0.8655。结论基于URP的SNP复合扩增体系具有简便、经济、高效的特点,具有较高的法医学应用价值。     

同时鉴定9种肉源种属的复合检测体系的建立及其应用

目的建立一种可以同时鉴定猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭、猫、狗、鼠和鲤鱼的多重PCR检测方法,并测试其技术性能指标,评估其在法医学或食品安全事件中的应用价值。方法根据上述9种动物的线粒体细胞色素b基因,利用其片段中种间特异性强的序列设计引物,采用毛细管电泳检测平台对各种属PCR扩增产物进行检测,依据扩增片段长度的差异与标记的荧光对初始模板的肉源种属进行鉴别;并通过扩增特异性、实际样本测试、混合样本检测灵敏度等指标评价该方法在实际法医学或食品安全案件中的应用价值。结果经过验证,建立的同时鉴定9种肉源种属的复合检测体系对其中任意一个种属的检测特异性均较高,且灵敏度较强,能够满足绝大多数法医学或食品安全案件中的检测要求。结论本研究建立的肉源种属复合检测体系可以在法医学未知种属样本的鉴定及食品安全肉类掺假等案件中提供帮助。     

Goldeneye？DNA身份鉴定系统26Y试剂盒的法医学验证

目的：对Goldeneye？DNA身份鉴定系统26Y试剂盒的法医学参数进行验证和分析。方法根据DNA分析方法科学工作组（Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods,SWGDAM）对试剂盒的法医学验证要求,从PCR扩增体系的测试、重复性、准确性、灵敏度等多个角度对该试剂盒进行检测评估。应用该试剂盒对华东地区517名汉族健康无关个体进行Y-STR基因座分型检测,检测单倍型分布状况及频率信息,并评估该试剂盒的法医学参数。结果该试剂盒对6.25μL扩增体系、DNA量低至125 pg时仍然可以得到准确的分型结果。特异性检测发现该试剂盒对常见的动物DNA和微生物DNA无有效的扩增结果。男性混合样本（1∶19和19∶1）中,较少样本的等位基因检出率可以达到70%以上;在男女混合样本中,女性DNA背景的存在不影响试剂盒的灵敏度。结论 Goldeneye？DNA身份鉴定系统26Y试剂盒灵敏度高、特异性好,且可以应用于混合物的检测。试剂盒所包含的26个Y-STR基因座多态性良好,可满足法医学实际应用。     

X染色体STR荧光复合扩增体系的建立及其应用

目的研究X染色体STR在法医学亲权鉴定中的应用。方法利用荧光标记引物复合PCR技术,在同一反应管中同时检测DXS6801、DXS9902、DXS6809、DXS6803、DXS6804和DXS67996个X-STR基因座,采用3100遗传分析仪电泳和GeneMapper IDv 3.1软件进行基因分型。结果本体系同时分析6个X-STR基因座,结果清晰,灵敏度高,重复性好。结论本研究的6个X-STR基因座复合扩增体系,在法医学个体识别特别是女性的亲权鉴定中有重要应用价值。     

23个STR基因座荧光复合扩增体系的法医学应用评估

目的评估新建立的23个STR复合扩增体系EX23的法医学应用价值。方法使用磁珠法提取样本DNA,应用23个STR复合扩增体系进行扩增,ABI3130XL遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行电泳,GeneMapperID 3.2软件进行基因分型,对法医学应用参数、灵敏度、种属、脱落细胞检材及降级检材分型效果进行观察,并与Sinofiler试剂盒比较。结果 DNA模板量在0.05~1.00ng时,各基因座分型结果清晰准确,均衡性好、特异性强。应用该复合扩增体系检验混合样本、降解检材及脱落细胞检材,均能获得正确的分型结果。统计结果显示该23个STR基因座累计个人识别（TDP）率达0.999999999,三联体累计非父排除率（CPE）达0.999999997。结论新建立的23个STR复合扩增体系分型效果良好,在广东地区汉族人群中具有高度多态性,可满足日常法医鉴定的需要。     

复合扩增A10、C4基因座遗传多态性及法医学意义

目的　建立复合扩增A10、C4基因座的体系 ,研究其在法医学检验中的应用价值。方法　生物学样本用Chelex - 10 0的方法提取DNA ,荧光标记的特异性引物复合扩增A10、C4基因座 ,用ABI 310 0遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行检测分型。结果　A10、C4基因座各检出 6个等位基因 ,GD值分别为 0 .6 86 ,0 .84 6 .共检出 2 3种单倍型 ,其单倍型的个体识别率为 0 .9184。扩增女性DNA ,均无特异性扩增产物 ;调查 30个二代家系 ,均未观察到突变基因的存在。结论　A10、C4复合扩增体系多态性较高 ,对法医学中男女混合检材的个人识别及父系亲缘关系鉴定有较高的应用价值。     

10个STR基因座荧光复合扩增体系的研制

目的建立10个STR基因座荧光标记复合扩增体系,并评价其法医学应用价值。方法在北京、山西、广东汉族,辽宁满族、西藏藏族群体中调查STR基因座遗传多态性,筛选出9个具有高度多态性和法医应用价值的STR基因座及性别基因座。构建四色荧光素标记复合扩增体系,制备等位基因分型标准物,编制分析软件,并对体系的种属特异性、灵敏度、稳定性、混合样本等检测能力进行考察。结果建立的复合扩增体系遗传稳定好,累积非父排除率可达0.999 96,累积个体识别率可达0.999 999 999 999 3;与CODIS系统均不存在连锁遗传;各基因座间布局合理、无杂峰、扩增结果清晰易辨,并可实现检测分析自动化。体系种属特异性较好,灵敏度为0.1ng,稳定性好,混合样本检出范围在2∶8～8∶2之间。实际案例检材检测结果好。结论本文建立的复合扩增体系在法医学实践中有较好的应用价值。     

全基因组扩增技术的法医学应用价值及其结果评价

微量模板DNA的分析,一直是法医学特别关注和急需解决的难题之一,近年发展起来的一系列技术为解决这一问题提供了新的可能途径,本文即对微量模板DNA分析技术的进展和目前逐步发展的全基因组扩增技术的法医学应用价值、结果评价进行浅议。     

廓清法医学学科体系 完善法医学概念内涵

一直沿用的法医学概念未能反映法医学学科体系特征和本质属性。本文从法医学学科发展战略角度,解析了法医学学科体系,完善了传统法医学概念。法医学的科学技术体系基本架构是:以鉴识科学、基础医学、生物学、法学为理论基础,将理论研究成果及其他相关学科的技术通过应用研究转化为法医检案技术,以生物识别、物理识别、化学识别、关联分析为法医鉴识科学技术体系。基于此,法医学概念的定义应表述为:法医学是研究并解决与法律有关的人身损害、死亡、身份鉴识等问题,为刑事侦查提供线索,为审判提供证据的医学学科。     

短串联重复（STR）位点扩增片段长度多态性及其在法医学中的应用

短串联重复（ＳＴＲ）位点扩增片段长度多态性及其在法医学中的应用闫威，贾静涛，姜先华，吕世惠中国医科大学法医学系；沈阳１１０００１辽宁省刑事科学技术研究所；沈阳１１００３２将分子遗传学的方法和技术应用于个人识别和亲子鉴定是本世纪法医学所取得的重大进展之...     

Separation of sperm and epithelial cells based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting

The detection and separation of spermatozoa is crucial in the forensic investigation of alleged sexual assault cases. Differential lysis and microscopy-based techniques are conventional methods for the isolation of spermatozoa, though are time-consuming and frequently fail with samples containing an unfavourable sperm/epithelial cell ratio. Successful separation by means of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) has previously been reported, yet little efforts have been dedicated towards the further improvement or routine implementation of this technique. With this ongoing research, a methodology is being developed to sort sperm from epithelial cells by combining the Sperm Hy-Liter™ staining kit and FACS. Sorted sperm cells are then subjected to a direct lysis and low volume PCR (LV-PCR) protocol. Preliminary results demonstrate the successful separation of both cell types at a sperm/epithelial cell ratio of up to 1:500. The direct lysis and LV-PCR protocol allows to produce full haploid profiles from single sperm cells and mostly full diploid profiles from 10 spermatozoa. These data suggest that the proposed methods are potentially viable for forensic casework, yet additional testing is required for validation purposes.     

激光显微切割技术与低体系扩增方法的法医学应用探索

目的建立减少DNA低体积扩增过程中产生气泡的方法。方法采用激光显微切割技术、PALM系统收集目标细胞,并在1μL～1.5μL低体积扩增样本,加入扩增液0.7μL～0.8μL。结果低体积扩增反应中的失败位点比例为2.3%,比常规反应位点时常会产生气泡导致该位点样本扩增失败且达30%以上的比例显著降低。结论低体积扩增方法可以减少或克服扩增过程中气泡的产生,提高扩增成功率。     

谁是司法鉴定的“守门人”？——《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》实施五周年成效评析

本文从司法鉴定机构设置、司法鉴定活动启动以及司法鉴定意见审查三个方面论述了司法鉴定“守门人”问题。通过对两大法系国家各自司法鉴定制度的分析,梳理司法鉴定“守门人”的三道防线。同时有针对性地比较和讨论了我国司法鉴定制度缺陷,明确司法鉴定制度改革不能以牺牲鉴定意见“守门人”功能为代价。指出建立国家所属的具有公益性、中立性的司法鉴定机构是发展的必由之路。     

美国法庭科学证据的应用与发展

＂法庭科学＂萌芽于古代中国,兴盛于近现代西方国家,最终发展成为具备完整科学体系的现代意义上的法庭科学学科。法庭科学证据的应用与发展显然与法庭科学的发展与应用密切相关,它们相互制约,相互促进。美国司法制度中关于法庭科学证据的证明力、可信度、可采性的分立质疑对法庭科学本身的发展无疑起到鞭策与促进作用。美国法庭科学证据的司法制度以及常用的一些传统与高技术法庭科学证据的使用过程中存在的许多问题,理解法庭科学证据标准,对我国法庭科学及其证据的研究与应用有所启迪。     

影像医学在法医学中的应用

个体识别在法庭科学调查中一直是重要的工作,它包括:性别、身高、年龄的推断等。在法庭科学领域中利用影像医学技术进行个体识别,在准确性、实用性方面有特别的意义。本文目的旨在通过广泛系统地回顾国内外法庭科学中的影像学应用,了解现有医学影像技术在法庭科学应用中的优点和不足之处,为进一步完善医学影像学在法庭科学中的应用提供参考。     

Management of crime scene units by Quebec police senior managers: Insight on forensic knowledge and understanding of key stakeholders

What do policing leaders think and know of forensic science? Beyond crime scene investigators or detectives, how do police senior managers perceive the role, utility and limitations of forensic science? Very few empirical studies have addressed the issue. Forensic scientsts should be concerned about the perception that law enforcement senior managers have of their discipline for two reasons. First, strategic and financial decision-makers are obviously key players in the overall administration and provision of forensic science, either as a supervisor, money provider or as a customer. Second, literature has highlighted that other actors involved in forensic science underestimate the scope and possibilities offered by forensic science, hence limiting its exploitation and potential. Following interviews with 18 police senior managers from Quebec (Canada), this study shows that they generally restrict forensic science to a reactive discipline whose role and utility is to identify offenders and support the Court. This understanding of forensic science, like that of many others including a significant share of forensic scientists, differs from the perception of other police activities in modern law enforcement agencies where proactive action is sought. Considering these findings and the growing body of literature which calls for forensic science to connect more tightly with policing and security, we advocate a more extensive education of police leaders regarding the scope of forensic science.     

The future of forensic and crime scene science. Part II. A UK perspective on forensic science education

This paper builds on the views presented by the author at 'The Future of Forensic and Crime Scene Science Conference'. Forensic science has become an increasingly prominent area of science within the last 10 years. This increasing prominence together with popularity in the subject has seen the number of undergraduate students studying forensic science related courses at UK Universities increase rapidly in just 5 years and there are no short term signs of this trend reducing. In 2005, there were 450 courses with forensic in the title offered by higher education institutes. Although the forensic community has expressed its concern that job prospects for these students wishing to pursue careers as forensic scientists will be limited numbers of students undertaking science courses have still increased. The increase in students studying forensic science comes in an era of decreasing science numbers in higher education with the potential to produce high calibre science graduates with sought after skills in critical thinking, analysis, interpretation and communication. Technology has continued to advance at a similar pace providing those responsible for managing crime with a need and opportunity to identify and predict new and future applications of science and technology; not just in reducing and detecting crime but also in predicting how technology will be used by criminals in the future. There is therefore a need for forensic science users, providers and educators to identify the knowledge and skills required by forensic scientists and crime investigators of the future to ensure that technology continues to be used and applied to its full advantage. This provides universities an opportunity to contribute to the development of both the practice and practitioners of forensic science. This paper outlines the current issues facing universities in relation to forensic science and identifies their future role in providing high quality relevant courses for future forensic practitioners; developing current forensic practitioners through their participation in applied research, short courses, conferences and qualifications linked to professional practice; and supporting and developing the practice of forensic and crime scene science, through the identification, engagement and dissemination of pure and applied research.     

Forensic science and criminal justice: An analysis of curricular models

The multi-disciplinary field of forensic science frequently finds its academic home within criminal justice programs. After examining the reasons for this academic linkage, an analysis of criminal justice curricular models and courses was undertaken to assess their applicability to forensic science education and careers. The authors concluded that the relationship between criminal justice and forensic science can be mutually beneficial; however, most criminal justice programs do not provide adequate preparation for meaningful careers in forensic science.     

物证鉴定实验室的组织和服务体系

世界各国物证鉴定实验室组织结构有多种形式。本文综述了物证鉴定实验室的内部组织、上级组织和服务体系模式 ,分析讨论各种模式的特性和优缺点。物证鉴定实验室组织形式由多种因素决定 ,没有最佳模式     

The current status of forensic science laboratory accreditation in Europe

Forensic science is gaining some solid ground in the area of effective crime prevention, especially in the areas where more sophisticated use of available technology is prevalent. All it takes is high-level cooperation among nations that can help them deal with criminality that adopts a cross-border nature more and more. It is apparent that cooperation will not be enough on its own and this development will require a network of qualified forensic laboratories spread over Europe. It is argued in this paper that forensic science laboratories play an important role in the fight against crime. Another, complimentary argument is that forensic science laboratories need to be better involved in the fight against crime. For this to be achieved, a good level of cooperation should be established and maintained. It is also noted that harmonization is required for such cooperation and seeking accreditation according to an internationally acceptable standard, such as ISO/IEC 17025, will eventually bring harmonization as an end result. Because, ISO/IEC 17025 as an international standard, has been a tool that helps forensic science laboratories in the current trend towards accreditation that can be observed not only in Europe, but also in the rest of the world of forensic science. In the introduction part, ISO/IEC 17025 states that "the acceptance of testing and calibration results between countries should be facilitated if laboratories comply with this international standard and if they obtain accreditation from bodies which have entered into mutual recognition agreements with equivalent bodies in other countries using this international standard." Furthermore, it is emphasized that the use of this international standard will assist in the harmonization of standards and procedures. The background of forensic science cooperation in Europe will be explained by using an existing European forensic science network, i.e. ENFSI, in order to understand the current status of forensic science in Europe better. The Council of Europe and the European Union approaches to forensic science will also be discussed by looking at the legal instruments and documents published by these two European organizations. Data collected from 52 European forensic science laboratories will be examined and findings will be evaluated from a quality assurance and accreditation point of view. The need for harmonization and accreditation in forensic science will be emphasized. The steps that should be taken at the European level for increasing and strengthening the role of European forensic science laboratories in the fight against crime will be given as recommendations in the conclusion.