油樟叶乙醇提取物抗炎活性的研究

为探讨油樟叶乙醇提取物的抗炎活性,建立了用二甲苯诱导小鼠耳肿胀、醋酸诱导小鼠毛细血管通透性增加和角叉菜胶诱导大鼠足肿胀的模型,并测定了角叉菜胶所致大鼠足炎性渗出液中前列腺素E2、组胺和5-羟色胺的含量。结果表明,油樟叶乙醇提取物能显著抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳肿胀、醋酸诱导的小鼠毛细血管通透性增加和角叉菜胶所致的大鼠足肿胀,且呈剂量依赖性,并能显著降低角叉菜胶所致大鼠足炎性渗出液中前列腺素E2、组胺和5-羟色胺的含量。证实油樟叶乙醇提取物具有较好的抗炎活性。     

长期饮酒对急性中毒大鼠死后体液内MDMA再分布的影响

目的研究长期饮酒对急性中毒大鼠体液中亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)死后再分布的影响。方法 SD雄性大鼠360只,随机均分为A、B、C、D 4组;A、B组以白酒,C、D组以双蒸水为饮用液体,4周后各组按150mg/kg MDMA剂量灌胃,处死后分置于25℃、4℃条件下;以VARIAN CP-3800气相色谱仪分别检测处死时血乙醇含量和0～10d内体液样品中MDMA浓度。结果 0～10d不同条件下,大鼠血液、玻璃体液及尿液中MDMA的PMR浓度变化趋势均为先升高、后降低;各时间点A、B组和C、D组大鼠各体液样本MDMA浓度较0h均有显著性差异(P<0.05),各时间点A与C组、B与D组之间体液样本MDMA浓度有显著性差异(P<0.05);A与B组、C与D组之间体液样本MDMA浓度有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论长期饮用乙醇会降低MDMA在体液样品中的再分布,其影响程度高低依次为血液、尿液及玻璃体液;低温也可减少体液中MDMA的再分布。     

An Unusual Case of Death Probably Triggered by the Association of Buprenorphine at Therapeutic Dose with Ethanol and Benzodiazepines and with Very Low Norbuprenorphine Level

Buprenorphine is largely prescribed for maintenance treatment in opioid dependence due to its safety profile. Nevertheless, fatalities at therapeutic dose have been described when associated with other central nervous system depressants, such as ethanol or benzodiazepines. Here, we report a case of death due to association of buprenorphine at therapeutic dose with benzodiazepines and ethanol. Although toxicity has been often attributed to its metabolite norbuprenorphine rather than to buprenorphine itself, in our case, norbuprenorphine was not detected in urine and bile and only in traces in blood. Moreover, the presence in blood of free buprenorphine but not of glucuronide metabolites argues for an unusual early death, at the beginning of buprenorphine metabolism. We propose that in the context of prior toxic impregnation, buprenorphine directly (and not via its metabolite norbuprenorphine) acted as a triggering factor by blocking the ventilatory response, rapidly leading to fatal respiratory depression.     

不同染色组织切片及不同组织固定方法对检测STR基因座的影响

目的探讨不同染色组织切片及不同组织固定方法对DNA检验的影响。方法采用Chelex100法及浓缩纯化方法提取DNA,PCR扩增后310型遗传分析仪检测。结果福尔马林固定4天以内或70%乙醇、无水乙醇分别固定1年及15年的HE染色切片可以检见Amel及9个STR基因座。PTAH等5种特殊染色未能检出相应基因座DNA谱带。结论70%乙醇或无水乙醇固定组织,石腊包埋组织及HE染色切片可以作为DNA?STR检验鉴定的样本材料。     

HS-GC内标曲线法测定血中乙醇含量的不确定度评估

目的建立自动顶空-气相色谱(HS-GC)内标曲线法测定血中乙醇含量的不确定评估方法。方法从分析测定程序着手,依据不确定度评定的指导性文件,分析不确定度来源,量化不确定度分量,计算检测结果的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果各相对不确定度来自于检材重复性检测为3.4%,乙醇标准溶液为0.71%,检材为0.61%,叔丁醇内标溶液为0.41%,标准曲线为1.1%,气相色谱仪为1.3%,血液中乙醇的相对扩展不确定度为3.9%。结论血液中乙醇含量的不确定度主要来源于检材重复性检测、气相色谱仪、乙醇标准曲线。     

Ethanol stability in unpreserved refrigerated antemortem blood

Ethanol stability in preserved antemortem blood has been widely studied since it is a common practice in cases involving suspected impaired driving to collect antemortem blood in evacuated blood tubes containing sodium fluoride. In some situations, antemortem blood is submitted to a forensic laboratory for ethanol analysis in evacuated blood tubes that contain only an anticoagulant. There has been limited research on ethanol stability in antemortem blood stored without a preservative. On two occasions, antemortem blood was collected from five ethanol-free individuals into 6-ml Vacutainer® tubes containing only 10.8 mg potassium EDTA. The blood tubes were spiked with ethanol to approximately either 0.08 or 0.15 g/dl. Dual-FID headspace gas chromatography was used to analyze 58 blood tubes, 29 from each session, for ethanol 1 day after sample collection and again after 1 year of refrigerated storage (~4°C). Statistically significant decreases in ethanol were detected at the 0.05 level of significance. Mean decreases in ethanol after 1 year of storage for the 0.08 and 0.15 g/dl samples were 0.013 and 0.010 g/dl, respectively. The mean ethanol decrease across all tubes was 0.012 g/dl. The range of decreases for the 58 blood tubes was 0.003–0.018 g/dl. The mean ethanol decreases measured in this unpreserved antemortem blood are comparable in magnitude to those previously observed in antemortem blood containing sodium fluoride after 1 year of refrigerated storage. Ethanol did not increase in the antemortem blood samples despite the absence of sodium fluoride.     

慢性乙醇中毒小鼠脑神经细胞IP3R1表达的变化

目的研究慢性乙醇中毒引起小鼠脑神经细胞Ⅰ型1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体（IP3R1）表达的变化。方法 40只小鼠随机分为90d、180d组,各组再分为正常对照组、10%、20%、30%乙醇组,每组5只,乙醇组给予相应浓度乙醇饮用至相应时间;取各组小鼠脑组织,分别采用免疫组化和Western blot方法检测脑皮质神经细胞IP3R1表达的变化;SPSS 13.0软件对实验数据进行单因素方差分析。结果正常IP3R1免疫组化染色物分布于神经细胞胞浆内。90d组随乙醇浓度的增加,IP3R1免疫组化阳性细胞数和阳性细胞率逐步增加,组间比较,差异显著（P〈0.05）;180d组中10%、20%乙醇组阳性细胞数和阳性细胞率逐步增加,组间比较,差异显著（P〈0.05）,而30%乙醇组阳性细胞数和阳性细胞率反而减少,且低于90d组的相同浓度组（P〈0.05）。Western blot与免疫组化检测结果基本一致。结论慢性乙醇中毒可引起小鼠大脑皮质神经细胞IP3R1表达增加,而高浓度（30%）、长时间（180d）乙醇使IP3R1表达降低,可能与神经细胞变性、坏死、数目减少有关。     

Fatal Intoxications in a Forensic Autopsy Material from Epirus,Greece, During the Period 1998‐2010

In this retrospective study, we report the epidemiological characteristics of all poisoning deaths in Epirus, Greece, from 1998 to 2010; we present the toxicological findings and the statistical evaluation of the results. This is the first detailed scientific report on all the officially certified poisoning deaths concerning part of the Greek population. A total of 126 poisoning fatalities were recorded, 67 of them being mono‐intoxications (53.2%). The cause of poisoning was as follows: drugs of abuse (60%); carbon monoxide (19.8%); pesticides (9.5%); corrosives (4.8%); pharmaceuticals (4.8%); and spider bite (0.8%). The most frequently detected poisonous substances were as follows: heroin (65 cases), ethanol (55), benzodiazepines (42), carbon monoxide (25), cocaine (17), cannabinoids (17) and pesticides (12). Increasing tendency in poisoning death rates was recorded, due to an increase in accidental poisoning deaths attributed mainly to drugs of abuse (total, accidental, and drugs‐of‐abuse poisoning death rates per 100,000 inhabitants per year were 1.87, 1.19, and 0.79, respectively, in the period 1998–2002 and 3.97, 3.41, and 2.55, respectively, in the period 2007–2010).     

血液中乙醇检验全自动体系的建立

目的建立血液中乙醇含量检验的自动化体系。方法采用自动化工作站提取-顶空气相色谱检验。在自动化工作站提取中,对负压采血、顶空瓶密封时间、取样针进行考察优化,并对自动取样和手工取样进行比较。结果乙醇的自动化工作站提取-顶空气相色谱检验的定量分析数据稳定,两份平行样品相对相差小于5%,优于手工提取。乙醇含量在0.1~3.0 mg/m L范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999),重现性好。结论该方法具有操作简单快捷、实验流程更加规范、实验数据更加准确、消除人工操作误差、重现性好等特点,可广泛应用于血液中乙醇定性定量的检验鉴定。     

Fourier-transformed infrared breath testing after ingestion of technical alcohol

The study aim was to evaluate the feasibility of a Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) analyzer for out-of-laboratory use by screening the exhalations of inebriated individuals, and to determine analysis quality using common breath components and solvents. Each of the 35 inebriated participants gave an acceptable sample. Because of the metabolism of 2-propanol, the subjects exhaled high concentrations of acetone in addition to ethanol. Other volatile ingredients of technical ethanol products (methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and 2-propanol) were also detected. The lower limits of quantification for the analyzed components ranged from 1.7 to 12 microg/L in simulated breath samples. The bias was +/-2% for ethanol and -11% for methanol. Within-day and between-day coefficients of variation were <1% for ethanol and <4% for methanol. The bias of ethanol and methanol analyses due to coexisting solvents ranged from -0.8 to +2.2% and from -5.6 to +2.9%, respectively. The FT-IR method proved suitable for use outside the laboratory and fulfilled the quality criteria for analysis of solvents in breath.