“电放”货物的风险及海运单的应用

＂电放＂货物因尚无国际公约或国内法加以规范,因而会对贸易商和承运人带来诸多风险,而结汇银行也难以接受。若能以海运单作为运输单据和结汇单据,充分利用其优越性,则可以在一定程度上化解风险,并满足承运人、贸易商和银行的不同需要,促进国际贸易和海上货物运输的顺利发展。     

Criminal justice decision making as a stratification process: The role of race and stratification resources in pretrial release

Our purpose is to bridge the criminal justice and stratification research literatures and to pursue the argument that homologous structural principles stratify allocation processes across central institutions of American society. The principle observed here in the making of bail decisions, as in earlier studies of the allocation of earnings, is that stratification resources operate to the greater advantage of whites than blacks. The operation of this principle is established through the estimation of covariance structure models of pretrial release decisions affecting 5660 defendants in 10 federal courts. Education and income are treated in this study as observed components of a composite construct, stratification resources, which works to the greater advantage of whites. Prior record is also found to operate to the greater advantage of whites. Two further variables, dangerousness and community ties, increase bail severity among blacks and whites. While the effect of community ties has been legally legitimized since the Bail Reform Act of 1966, the effect of dangerousness was not so legitimized until the Bail Reform Act of 1984. However, because our data precede the latter act, they confirm that this act simply reinstitutionalized earlier practice. Meanwhile, our race-specific findings may explain why although this and earlier studies find negligible main effects of race on criminal justice outcomes, black Americans nonetheless perceive more criminal injustice than do whites. In the criminal justice system, as in other spheres of American society, whites receive a better return on their resources, but our findings that the statutory severity of the offense and dangerousness work to the relative disadvantage of white defendants challenges conflict and labeling theory's one-dimensional characterization of black defendant disadvantage.     

取保候审制度定位之思考

取保候审制度作为我国替代羁押的主要措施,其作用未得到充分有效的发挥,导致司法实践中审前羁押的大量存在,严重损害了犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权益。本文对我国的取保候审制度的定位进行思考,并借鉴英美法系国家的保释制度,提出重新确立我国的取保候审制度的定位,使取保候审成为犯罪嫌疑人、被告人所享有的一项权利。     

Planning helps: The impact of release planning on subsequent re-entry experiences of child sex offenders

Abstract

Recent research has demonstrated that poor release planning is associated with sex offender recidivism; however, whether release planning correlates with actual re-entry experiences has not been investigated systematically. Accordingly, in the present study release planning was rated for 16 child sex offenders, and semi-structured interviews about re-entry experiences were conducted at one, three and six months following their release from prison. As expected, significant positive correlations were found between release planning and re-entry experiences across the follow-up period, indicating that higher-quality release planning is associated with more positive re-entry experiences. Accordingly, it can be assumed that re-entry experiences differ between recidivists and non-recidivists, and hence positive re-entry experiences contribute to a reduction in sex offender recidivism. The implications for the management of offender release, policy makers and society as a whole are discussed.     

缓释粉雾剂分析方法的建立及应用

目的应用高效液相色谱法考察粉雾剂在肺部递送效率和药物的释放情况。方法以壳聚糖为载体,用喷雾干燥技术制备硫酸沙丁胺醇粉雾剂,乳糖制剂做参比。采用新一代药用撞击器,测定粉雾剂的排空率及有效部位沉积率;用"桨法"初步考察粉雾剂缓释能力。结果壳聚糖载体中药物的有效部位沉积率55%~65%,比乳糖制剂(11%)有显著性提高;在1min内药物经乳糖载体可释放出80%,壳聚糖载体中释放出等量药物需20min,说明壳聚糖粉雾剂缓释效果明显。结论本方法稳定,可靠,可用于吸入式药物在肺部分布情况的研究。     

Recovery efficiencies of anthrax spores and ricin from nonporous or nonabsorbent and porous or absorbent surfaces by a variety of sampling methods*

The 2001 anthrax letter cases brought into focus the need to establish the most effective environmental sampling procedures. Results are presented from two studies aimed at establishing the best procedures for everyday surfaces likely to be contaminated after the release of environmentally stable bioaggressive agents, as exemplified by anthrax spores and ricin. With anthrax spores, contact plates, with mean retrieval rates of 28-54%, performed better than other methods by a wide margin for flat nonporous, nonabsorbent surfaces. They also proved best on flat porous, absorbent materials, although recoveries were low (<7%). For both agents, dry devices (swabs, wipes, Trace Evidence Collection Filters) had universally poor retrieval efficiencies with no significant differences between them. Among moistened devices (wipes, swabs, and Sample Collection and Recovery Devices), wipes were generally best, albeit with considerable cross-over among individual readings (highest mean recoveries for anthrax spores and ricin 5.5% and 2.5%, respectively, off plastic).     

右旋布洛芬缓释片的含量测定及体外释放特性研究

目的建立右旋布洛芬缓释片的含量测定方法，并评价其体外释放特性。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定缓释片含量，采用紫外分光光度法对缓释片的体外释放特性进行研究。结果右旋布洛芬在4-100μg／ml范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9995），平均回收率为99．44％，RSD=0．94％。释放行为显示右旋布洛芬缓释片呈零级释放，药物释放被延长到12h。结论本方法准确可靠，重现性好，灵敏度高，可用于右旋布洛芬缓释片的质量控制。所研制的右旋布洛芬缓释片达到了缓慢释放药物的目的。     

丹皮酚非离子表面活性剂囊泡的制备及其体外释放研究

目的 研究非离子表面活性囊泡对丹皮酚的包封作用及其体外释放行为的影响，为丹皮酚体内给药提供一种新的剂型，以期改善丹皮酚水溶性差、稳定性低等缺陷。方法 采用改进的乙醇注入法，利用非离子表面活性剂Span60、胆固醇、PEG- SA为囊材，以丹皮酚为模型药物，制备非离子表面活性剂载药囊泡，通过包封率、粒径和电位的测定等优化出最佳的工艺，采用正交试验确定最佳处方，研究表面活性剂囊泡在模拟体液中的释放行为。结果 表面活性剂囊泡的最佳处方为：Span60 80 mg，胆固醇30 mg，PEG15- SA 30 mg，丹皮酚30 mg，水合介质磷酸盐缓冲液（pH值＝7.4）60 mL。体外释放行为表明，表面活性剂囊泡具有明显的缓释作用。结论 该方法制备的PEG化丹皮酚非离子表面活性剂囊泡具有较高的包封率以及很高的稳定性，PEG化泡囊作为丹皮酚载体有着潜在的应用价值。