Divergent fates: company unions and employee involvement committees under the railway labor and national labor relations acts

Well known is that the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA, 1935) in the United States places a largely per se ban on nonunion employee representation (ER) groups which deal with employers over a term or condition of employment. Much less well known is that America’s other labor law, the Railway Labor Act (RLA, 1926), takes a different approach and permits employers to operate such councils and committees as long as they do not perform a collective bargaining function or interfere with workers’ free choice of a bargaining agent. Thus, under the RLA Delta Air Lines is able to operate what is today the closest living approximation to a 1920s-style ER plan while hundreds of other companies (e.g. Polaroid) under the jurisdiction of the NLRA have been forced over the years to disband similar groups on grounds they are a proscribed company union. No study to date has explored the history behind the RLA and NLRA’s divergent treatment of nonunion ER groups so this article takes a first look. The main part of the story covers the 1920–1935 period and examines the events, people, and experiences associated with company unions and ER in, respectively, the rail and manufacturing industries and why the legislative outcome in the former was a permissive stance on nonunion committees but prohibitive in the latter. The last part of the paper fast-forwards the RLA-NLRA story from the 1930s to contemporary law and practice in order to demonstrate how “history matters” when it comes to what employers can and cannot do with nonunion representation groups, such as works councils, participation and involvement committees, and dispute resolution forums.     

乳腺癌中医证型与临床分期及分子标志物关系

目的:探讨乳腺癌中医证型与临床分期及雌激素受体(estrogen receptor, ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor, PR)和癌蛋白C-erbB-2关系.方法:选择经病理证实、有完整资料的乳腺癌病例95例,辨证分为肝郁痰凝、冲任失调、正虚毒炽3种中医证型,采用免疫组织化学法对各证型的临床分期及其分子标志物ER、PR、C-erbB-2表达进行分析.结果:95例中,肝郁痰凝型为71例,占74.74%,冲任失调型为9例,占9.47%,正虚毒炽型为15例,占15.79%.Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期乳腺癌中以肝郁痰凝型居多,而Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期中正虚毒炽型所占比例高于肝郁痰凝型和冲任失调型.肝郁痰凝型ER阳性率与正虚毒炽型比较,差异无显著性(P=0.074);肝郁痰凝型ER阳性率与冲任失调型比较,差异有显著性(P=0.022).各证型PR、C-erbB-2阳性率比较,差异无显著性.结论:乳腺癌早期多为肝郁痰凝型,后期以正虚毒炽型为主.肝郁痰凝型ER表达水平高于冲任失调型,而PR、C-erbB-2的表达与中医证型无明显相关性.     

Keine Auswirkung eines Freispruchs auf EV-Verfahren

Ein Freispruch in einem Strafverfahren ist für die EV in einem Provisorialverfahren, mit der einem Vater w?hrend eines laufenden Scheidungsverfahrens der Kontakt mit seinem Kind verboten wurde, kein Aufhebungsgrund.     

益气养阴活血中药改善2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗研究

目的:探讨益气养阴活血中药改善气阴两虚血瘀型2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的机制.方法:将70例2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗患者随机分为对照组和治疗组各35例.基础治疗均为口服格列吡嗪或达美康,治疗组在此基础上加用益气养阴活血中药.3个月为1个疗程.观察两组患者治疗前后空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(postprandial 2 hours blood glucose, P2BG)、空腹血胰岛素(fasting insulin, FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, GHbA1c)、血脂、凝血功能等指标的变化,并计算稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗(homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance,Homa-IR)指数.结果:两组患者治疗3个月后,FBG、P2BG、FINS、GHbAlc、Homa-IR及血脂、凝血指标均显著改善(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),治疗组改善程度显著优于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).治疗组降糖疗效和中医证候疗效显著优于对照组(P＜0.01).结论:益气养阴活血中药在防治和改善2型糖尿病患者的胰岛素抵抗及血脂紊乱、血液高凝状态方面具有一定的疗效.     

Y chromosome J2 subtyping in an Italian sample: Population and forensic implications

In the recent years the Y chromosome genealogy has been refined by a number of newly discovered SNPs. The non-random distribution of the Y chromosome lineages worldwide makes fundamental the dissection and characterisation of haplogroups associated with specific geographic areas. In Southern Europe the haplogroup J2, as defined by the M172 marker, can reach frequencies up to 35%, making the dissection of such lineage critical for population studies. Here we present a study on J2 chromosomes from the Italian peninsula. Populations and forensic implications are discussed. A total of 900 individuals were previously genotyped for a number of SNPs, including M172. More than 200 of these have been now genotyped for 7 SNPs within the J2 lineage using a multiplex SNaPshot approach. The different distribution of the various lineages in different geographic areas probably reflects different historical demographic events and points to differential Y chromosome haplotype distribution, with implication for forensic application of this genetic marker.     

略论P2P-ISP的相对事先审查义务及其前景展望——以BT被封为背景

BT作为P2P技术应用的典范,其被封对ISP极具警示意义。《侵权责任法》在原有相关条例、司法解释的基础上明确规定ISP须为其教唆、帮助侵权行为承担连带责任。随着网络经济的发展,著作权人、公众以及ISP三方利益的权衡显得日益重要,立法者应设法引导握有P2P技术的ISP与ICP以及电信运营商合作,充分发挥其技术优势,实现共赢。     

P2P侵权刑事责任研究

P2P侵权行为过程中,涉及四种主体——源文件上传者、下载者、网络平台服务供应商、网络内容服务供应商。各种主体在整个行为中承担着不同的角色,其权利义务各不相同,哪些主体应追究刑事责任,哪些主体行为不应划入刑法的范畴,这些问题都需要进一步的探讨。     

2008～2009年浙江省猪圆环病毒2型全基因组序列的比较和分析

应用PCR方法对2008～2009年采集的99份疑似断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征病猪的脾、肺、淋巴结混合组织样本进行猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)检测,并以组织DNA为模板进行了PCV2的全基因组扩增,克隆后进行了测序。结果显示,2008年与2009年浙江省PCV2的平均阳性率为47.5%,与2004～2006年相比基本持平。随机选取18份阳性病料进行PCV2全基因组测序分析,结果,18个毒株均属于Group1,其中5个毒株(27.8%)属于1A分支,3个毒株(16.7%)属于1B分支,9个毒株(50%)属于1C分支。表明,Group1依然是浙江省PCV2的主导基因型,且1C分支从无到有,并逐渐占据主导地位。