液相色谱-串联质谱法分析生物检材中的河豚毒素

目的建立血液、尿液以及肝中河豚毒素(tetrodotoxin,TTX)的液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法,并进行方法学验证。方法血液、尿液和肝用1%乙酸甲醇溶液去蛋白后,上清液用固相萃取法净化,LC-MS/MS检测。结果血液、尿液和肝中TTX检出限分别为2ng/mL、2ng/mL和4ng/g。血液和尿液在4～100ng/mL、肝在5～100ng/g的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r≥0.9973;日内精密度和日间精密度均在12.80%以内;回收率大于47.2%。结论所建方法高效、灵敏、准确,可以为河豚毒素中毒的法医学鉴定、临床诊治以及食品安全的监控提供技术保障。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测血液中的美西律

目的建立测定血液中美西律(mexiletine)的液相色谱-串联质谱联用法(LC-MS/MS)。方法采用简便的乙腈蛋白沉淀法对血液进行预处理,应用Allure PFP Propyl液相柱分离,用电喷雾正离子模式离子化,多反应监测模式对美西律进行分析。结果美西律与内标纳洛酮分离良好,在0.02～10.00μg/mL内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9999,回归方程为y=0.0283x-0.0151,日内与日间精密度的RSD均小于15%,最低检测限为0.01μg/mL。结论建立的LC-MS/MS方法简单、灵敏、可靠,可同时适用于美西律临床药物监测和法医毒物分析的需要。     

LC-MS／MS测定尿液中可卡因及其代谢物苯甲酰爱康宁

目的建立尿液中可卡因(cocaine,COC)及其代谢物苯甲酰爱康宁(benzoylecgonine,BZE)的液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。方法尿液经固相萃取后,用AllurePFP丙基柱分离,以V(甲醇):V(20mmol/L乙酸胺和0.1%甲酸的缓冲溶液)=80∶20为流动相,采用二级质谱多反应监测模式检测COC和BZE。按10mg/kg的剂量对豚鼠腹腔注射可卡因,给药后收集7d尿液。结果尿液中COC和BZE在2.0～100ng/mL质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9995),最低检测限(LOD)为0.5ng/mL;回收率大于90%;日内和日间精密度均小于6%;豚鼠尿液中主要检测目标物是BZE,且BZE检测时限也较COC长。结论所建方法灵敏度高,选择性好,适用于尿液中可卡因和苯甲酰爱康宁的检测。     

Monitoring of clobetasol propionate and betamethasone dipropionate as undeclared steroids in cosmetic products manufactured in Korea

Some cosmetic products manufactured in Korea have been suspected to contain anti-inflammatory corticosteroids, such as clobetasol propionate and betamethasone dipropionate, for the treatment of eczema, seborrhea and psoriasis, without any indication on the label of the cosmetic products. Due to their severe side effects, such as permanent skin atopy, these two corticosteroids in cosmetic products need to be monitored from a forensic point of view. Cosmetic product samples (number of samples=47) of manufacturers charged by consumers have been collected in local and online markets of Korea, and they were validated and analyzed by a simple high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet diode array (UV-DAD). LC-MS/MS and LC-MS were used to confirm these steroids in cosmetic samples with diagnostic ions (m/z) and isotope ratio. Linearity was studied with 0.5-10μg/mL range in both steroids. Good correlation coefficients (r(2)≥0.999) were found, and their limits of quantifications were 0.59μg/mL and 0.66μg/mL in clobetasol propionate and betamethasone dipropionate, respectively. At three different concentrations spanning the linear dynamic ranges, mean recoveries were always higher than 93%, and precisions for intra-day and inter-day analyses were both less than 3.5%. The results show 32-96.4μg/g levels of clobetasol propionate in five different cosmetic products. Also, betamethasone dipropionate in a sample was monitored at the level of 195.1μg/g. This fact reveals that some manufacturers have added these steroids in their cosmetic products to advertise the treatment effect for skin atopy. Thus, these cosmetic products need to be monitored carefully, and ultimately removed from the market.     

Improved gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in hair using mechanical pulverization and bead-assisted liquid-liquid extraction

A gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometric (GC-NCI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of 11-nor-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in human hair. After decontamination, hair samples were weighed (25mg), mechanically pulverized with a bead mill, and incubated in 0.7 mL of 1.0M sodium hydroxide at 95 °C for 30 min. Bead-assisted liquid-liquid extraction was performed with n-hexane:ethyl acetate (9:1, v/v), a method developed in our laboratory. The extract was evaporated to dryness, derivatized with pentafluoropropanol and pentafluoropropionic anhydride, and analyzed by GC-MS/MS in the negative ion chemical ionization mode using methane as the reagent gas. The linear ranges were 0.05-10.0 pg/mg for THC-COOH with the coefficient of determination (r(2) = 0.9976). The intra-day and inter-day precisions were within 1.7 and 13.8%, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day accuracies were -4.8 to 10.0% and -3.9 to 3.8%, respectively. The limit of detection and quantification were 0.015 and 0.05 pg/mg, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 79.4-87.1%. The results indicate that the proposed method is simple, rapid, accurate, and precise for determination of THC-COOH in hair. The method identified THC-COOH in hair specimens from suspected marijuana abusers.     

LC-MS/MS分析人全血中五氟利多

目的建立人体全血中五氟利多浓度的液相色谱-质谱联用法（LC-MS/MS）分析方法。方法全血中五氟利多和利培酮（内标）经正己烷液-液提取后,采用Capcell Pak C18色谱柱（250mm×2.0mm5,μm）进行分离,流动相为乙腈：20mmol/L乙酸胺和0.1%甲酸溶液（75∶25,V/V）,流速为0.2mL/min,然后以MS/MS电喷雾正电离的多反应监测扫描方式（MRM）测定。用于定量分析的离子为m/z 524→109（五氟利多）和m/z 411→191（内标）。结果五氟利多的最低检测限为0.2ng/mL,在0.4～400ng/mL浓度范围内线性良好（r=0.9994）,低、中、高浓度（1ng/mL、10ng/mL、100ng/mL）准确度分别为97%,108%和95%,日内和日间RSD均小于15%。结论该方法简便、快速、灵敏,适用于全血中五氟利多浓度的测定。     

Evaluation of the One-Step ELISA kit for the detection of buprenorphine in urine, blood, and hair specimens

A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay involving microtiter plates was recently proposed by International Diagnostic Systems corporation (IDS) to screen for buprenorphine in human serum. The performance of the kit led us to investigate its applicability in other biological matrices such as urine or blood, and also hair specimens. Low concentrations of buprenorphine were detected with the ELISA test and confirmed by HPLC/MS (buprenorphine concentrations measured by HPLC/MS: 0.3 ng/mL in urine, 0.2 ng/mL in blood, and 40 pg/mg in hair). The intra-assay precision values were 8.7% at 1 ng/mL of urine (n = 8), 11.5% at 2 ng/mL in serum (n = 8), and 11.5% at 250 pg/mg of hair (n = 8), respectively. The immunoassay had no cross-reactivity with dihydrocodeine, ethylmorphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, pholcodine, propoxyphene, dextromoramide, dextrometorphan at 1 and 10 mg/L, or codeine, morphine, methadone, and its metabolite EDDP. A 1% cross-reactivity was measured for a norbuprenorphine concentration of 50 ng/mL. Finally, the immunoassay was validated by comparing authentic specimens results with those of a validated HPLC/MS method. From the 136 urine samples tested, 93 were positive (68.4%) after the ELISA screening test (cutoff: 0.5 ng/mL) and confirmed by HPLC/MS (buprenorphine concentrations: 0.3-2036 ng/mL). From the 108 blood or serum samples screened, 27 were positive (25%) after the ELISA test with a cutoff value of 0.5 ng/mL (buprenorphine concentrations: 0.2-13.3 ng/mL). Eighteen hair specimens were positive (72%) after the screening (cutoff: 10 pg/mg) and confirmed by LC/MS (buprenorphine concentrations: 40-360 pg/mg). The ELISA method produced false positive results in less than 21% of the cases, but no false negative results were observed with the immunological test. Four potential adulterants (hypochloride 50 mL/L, sodium nitrite 50 g/L, liquid soap 50 mL/L, and sodium chloride 50 g/L) that were added to 10 positive urine specimens (buprenorphine concentrations in the range 5.3-15.6 ng/mL), did not cause a false negative response by the immunoassay.     

LC-MS/MS同时分析尿液中15种安眠镇静药物及其代谢物

目的建立尿液中15种常见安眠镇静药物及代谢物的液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。方法尿液经酶水解、固相萃取后,用C18液相柱分离,以含甲酸铵和甲酸的水、乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,质谱采用电喷雾电离（ESI）-正负离子模式同时扫描,采用二级质谱多反应监测（MRM）模式检测目标化合物。结果以化合物的保留时间、两对母离子/子离子对定性,尿中常见安眠镇静药物的检测限为0.01～0.5ng/mL（ESI＋）和10ng/mL（ESI-）;相关系数r在0.994以上;日内及日间精密度均在18%以下;绝对回收率在64.80%～116.20%之间。结论方法快速、灵敏、简便、可靠,能同时分析尿液中的15种安眠镇静药物及其代谢物。     

甲基苯丙胺滥用与司来吉兰服用的区分:尿液中甲基苯丙胺和苯丙胺的手性分析

目的考察司来吉兰及其代谢物在尿液中的含量变化,并结合实际案例探讨手性分析区分甲基苯丙胺滥用与司来吉兰服用的可行性。方法采用CHIROBIOTICTM V2手性液相色谱柱对尿液样品进行手性分离和液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定,并对司来吉兰服药志愿者尿样、疑服用司来吉兰的涉毒人员尿样进行甲基苯丙胺和苯丙胺的手性分析。结果服用5 mg司来吉兰后,尿液中司来吉兰的检出时限仅为7h。尿液中R(-)-甲基苯丙胺和R(-)-苯丙胺约在7h质量浓度最高,分别为0.86μg/m L和0.18μg/m L,并在80 h和168 h后无法检出。应用该方法成功分析了疑服用司来吉兰的涉毒人员尿液中甲基苯丙胺和苯丙胺的来源。结论甲基苯丙胺和苯丙胺的手性分析以及司来吉兰代谢物检测可区分甲基苯丙胺滥用与司来吉兰服用。     

固相萃取／LC-MS／MS测定尿液中吗啡类药物

目的 建立尿液中吗啡类药物的固相萃取／LC—MS／MS方法。方法采用OASIS MCX3cc（60mg）固相萃取柱进行提取,应用LC—MS／MS方法进行检测,运用保留时间和MRM方式对尿液中吗啡类药物及其代谢物进行定性定量分析。结果磷酸盐缓冲液pH4．0时,海洛因、6-MAM、可待因、吗啡、M3G的固相萃取回收率分别达64．33％-70．21％,96．95％～117．57％,83．60％～123．63％,68．82％～91．03％,94．64％～107．33％;最低检测限（LOD）分别为5、10、5、5、2pg,线性范围0．005～10μg／mL;相关系数分别为0．9998、0．9958、0．9992、0．9994、0．9997。结论本文所建方法,适用于尿液中吗啡类药物的分析。     

Validated method for the simultaneous determination of Delta9-THC and Delta9-THC-COOH in oral fluid, urine and whole blood using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization

A fully validated, sensitive and specific method for the extraction and quantification of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-THC (THC-COOH) and for the detection of 11-hydroxy-Delta(9)-THC (11-OH THC) in oral fluid, urine and whole blood is presented. Solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique were used, with electrospray ionization. Three ions were monitored for THC and THC-COOH and two for 11-OH THC. The compounds were quantified by selected ion recording of m/z 315.31, 329.18 and 343.16 for THC, 11-OH THC and THC-COOH, respectively, and m/z 318.27 and 346.26 for the deuterated internal standards, THC-d(3) and THC-COOH-d(3), respectively. The method proved to be precise for THC and THC-COOH both in terms of intra-day and inter-day analysis, with intra-day coefficients of variation (CV) less than 6.3, 6.6 and 6.5% for THC in saliva, urine and blood, respectively, and 6.8 and 7.7% for THC-COOH in urine and blood, respectively. Day-to-day CVs were less than 3.5, 4.9 and 11.3% for THC in saliva, urine and blood, respectively, and 6.2 and 6.4% for THC-COOH in urine and blood, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) were 2 ng/mL for THC in oral fluid and 0.5 ng/mL for THC and THC-COOH and 20 ng/mL for 11-OH THC, in urine and blood. Calibration curves showed a linear relationship for THC and THC-COOH in all samples (r(2)>0.999) within the range investigated. The procedure presented here has high specificity, selectivity and sensitivity. It can be regarded as an alternative method to GC-MS for the confirmation of positive immunoassay test results, and can be used as a suitable analytical tool for the quantification of THC and THC-COOH in oral fluid, urine and/or blood samples.     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定人全血中灭多威

目的建立一种简便的测定人全血中灭多威的液相色谱-质谱联用法。方法样品处理采用液-液乙酸乙酯萃取方法。色谱柱为Zorbax SB-C18(2.1mm×50mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸,梯度洗脱,流速为0.5mL/min,柱温40℃。采用ESI离子源,MRM离子方式监测。结果灭多威在0.05~2.0μg/mL浓度范围内线性良好(r0.995)。灭多威的方法回收率均在90%~108%的范围内,日内、日间RSD均小于15%。结论本方法可简单、高效地检测全血中灭多威浓度。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血液和尿液中秋水仙碱

目的建立检测血液和尿液中秋水仙碱的液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法0.5mL血液或尿液以丁丙诺啡为内标,经pH9.2硼酸盐缓冲溶液碱化后,用乙酸乙酯进行提取,在ZORBAX SB-C18液相柱(150mm×2.1mm×5μm)上以V(甲醇)∶V(20mmol/L乙酸铵和0.1%甲酸缓冲溶液)=80∶20为流动相,流速为0.2mL/min,采用电喷雾正离子模式离子化、多反应监测模式检测秋水仙碱,内标法定量。结果血液、尿液中秋水仙碱与内标丁丙诺啡色谱分离良好,秋水仙碱在0.1~50 ng/mL内均具有良好的线性,相关系数>0.9990,最低检出限为0.05ng/mL,方法回收率为94%~116%,日内与日间精密度(RSD)均小于8.5%。结论所建LC-MS-MS方法灵敏度高、操作简便、快速、准确,适用于血液及尿液等生物检材中痕量秋水仙碱成分的检测。     

LC-MS/MS analysis of pholedrine in a fatal intoxication case

Pholedrine (4'-hydroxymethamphetamine) is a cardiovascular agent exerting hypertensive and adrenergic effects. High doses may cause a drop in the peripheral circulation blood flow and increase blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature up to a state of central respiratory paralysis. A 15-year-old girl who suffered from heavy agitation and hallucinations was admitted to the intensive care unit in a comatose state. The clinical findings included a maximum heart rate of 170 bpm and a body temperature of 43.8 degrees C. Resuscitation measures were in vain and abandoned after approximately 2h. A toxicological emergency analysis using GC/MS revealed a considerable amount of pholedrine in blood and urine. A method for determining pholedrine in human body fluids utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with a turbo ion-spray source was developed, using D11-methamphetamine and D5-methylenedioxymethamphetamine as internal standards. Samples were prepared by SPE extraction using SPEC-C18AR/MP3((R)) columns, which yielded the best extraction recovery (67%). Chromatographic separation was achieved at pH 5 on an RP-18 stationary phase applying gradient elution from 50 to 70% of B (methanol/acetonitrile 3/1 (v/v), 0.02% acetic acid) in A (5mM ammonium acetate/acetonitrile 95/5 (v/v), 0.02% acetic acid). Supra-pure acetic acid was added to the post-column effluent with a flow rate of 0.2 microl/min to optimize ionization. Detection was carried out in the positive ionization, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The chromatograms showed no interference from other substances. The limit of detection (LOD, S/N=3) of pholedrine was 0.8 ng/ml and its lower limit of quantification (LLOQ, S/N=10) 3ng/ml. The calibration curve was linear (r=0.999) in the range 1-100 ng/ml. Samples with higher concentrations were diluted to suit the working range. The intra-day R.S.D. between 5 and 80 ng/ml were 3.8-8.7% and the inter-day R.S.D. between 5 and 100 ng/ml were 6.7-10.7%. The pholedrine concentrations in blood and urine collected when the girl was still alive were 16.1 microg/ml (R.S.D. 10.5%) and 1120 microg/ml (R.S.D. 8%), respectively. In post-mortem samples, they were 23.0 microg/ml (R.S.D. 5.1%) in heart blood and 27.3 microg/g (R.S.D. 6.6%) in the liver.     

头发中5-MeO-DiPT等12种新型色胺类致幻剂的UPLC-MS/MS分析方法研究

目的建立同时分析头发中5-MeO-DiPT等12种新型色胺类致幻剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法。方法以赛洛西宾-d4和赛洛新-d10为内标,20 mg头发样品加入1 mL提取液(含内标2 ng/mL的0.1%甲酸水溶液)后冷冻研磨,离心取上清液,经Waters Acquity^TM UPLC HSS T3色谱柱分离,采用多反应监测模式同时测定12种新型色胺类致幻剂。结果头发样品中12种色胺类新精神活性物质的检出限为1~10pg/mg,定量限为3~50pg/mg。在相应浓度范围内,12种色胺类新精神活性物质均具有良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.99。本方法准确度为91.3%~113.5%,日间和日内精密度(RSD)均小于15%,回收率大于80%,无明显基质效应。结论该方法前处理简单、灵敏度高、选择性好,适用于法医毒物分析中新型色胺类致幻剂的鉴定。     

血液和尿液中草甘膦的净化富集及检测

目的建立血液、尿液中草甘膦的净化富集及定性定量方法。方法取适量血、尿样品,用80%甲醇水溶液稀释,经Agilent Accu Bond NH2（弱阴离子交换柱）净化富集,用3m L 5%氨水溶液洗脱后进行ESI/LC/MRM对草甘膦的定性及阴离子色谱法（IC）的定量检验分析。结果血液、尿液中草甘膦的IC法检验回收率均大于90%,方法的线性范围均在1-100μg/m L,血检测限为0.1μg/m L,尿液为0.08μg/m L。血液、尿液中草甘膦的LC/MRM的方法检测限均在5ng/m L左右。结论建立的血、尿中草甘膦的前处理方法和LC/MRM定性分析及IC定量分析方法,可满足司法检验要求。     

Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair by SPE and LC-MS/MS

A method for the sensitive and selective determination of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair has been developed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Washed and cut hair segments were extracted by ultrasonication (3h, 50 degrees C) and the extracts were cleaned-up with aminopropyl SPE columns. LC-MS/MS analysis was performed using a polar-endcapped phenyl-hexyl-RP-phase with negative mode electrospray ionisation (ESI) using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Sciex API 365) with a turboionspray source and post-column addition of acetonitrile for enhanced sensitivity. The MS/MS transitions monitored were m/z 221 -->75 for EtG and 226 -->75 for D(5)-EtG as an internal standard. The method was selective and sensitive, with a detection limit of 51 pg/mg hair at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1. The mean recovery was 96%, with an intra- and inter-day precision of less than 11.7% at a concentration of 200 pg/mg. The linearity was assessed in the range of 25-2000 pg/mg hair, with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. The method was successfully applied to 97 human hair samples which were taken at autopsies from persons with known alcoholism or were obtained from alcoholics who were hospitalized for ethanol withdrawal, from social drinkers and from children having not consumed any alcohol. Although, approximately two-third of the alcoholics showed EtG concentrations in hair of higher than 51 pg/mg (up to >4000 pg/mg), in one-third the EtG concentration was below the detection limit. However, only in one of five hair samples of "social drinkers", the EtG concentration was above the detection limit (51 pg/mg). No EtG has been detected in the hair of children. These investigations demonstrate that heavy alcohol consumption may be but not necessarily has to be detectable by EtG analysis in hair.     

GC/MS法检测全血中的奥氮平

目的采用乙睛-甲醇混合溶剂提取、气质联用分析法检测全血中奥氮平。方法针对奥氮平特性,在加入稳定剂硫代硫酸钠条件下采用乙睛-甲醇混合溶剂提取法,采用GC/MS分析法,对全血中的奥氮平进行定性、定量分析。并对提取介质、酸碱度、稳定剂种类及用量进行了考察。结果采用本文方法在奥氮平为1～400μg/mL浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r2=0.999 8,n=5),检出限为1.0ng,方法平均回收率可达66.5%(RSD=2.5%)。日内RSD为2.1%～3.9%,日间RSD为2.9%～4.5%。选择乙腈∶甲醇(V∶V=8∶2)混合溶剂进行液-液提取,稳定剂为300mg硫代硫酸钠。结论本文方法可用于全血中奥氮平检测,在相关案件检验中选择使用。     

尿中氯胺酮及其代谢物盘鉴和GC/MS/SIM测定

目的 研究尿中氯胺酮(KET)及其代谢物去甲基氯胺酮(NKET)的盘鉴(Disk SPE)。方法 用含有化学键合C18和强酸型强阳离子交换(SCX)基团的萃取柱SPEC.C18 AR/MP3萃取,加入萃取柱前的尿样用0.1mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 6)稀释,洗脱溶剂为含2％(v/v)氨水的乙酸乙酯;以2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)为色谱内标,GC/MS/SIM检测。结果 在加标量为0.5μg/mL、2μg/mL和6μg/mL的控制尿样中,KET和NKET的平均回收率分别为91.5％和79.9％,6次测定的RSD均为8.7％;线性范围0.02-8μg/mL,线性相关系数分别为0.9819和0.9964;检出限(S/N=3)分别为6ng/mL和4ng/mL;总离子色谱图背景低,杂质少。同一根萃取柱重复使用8次以上未见性能下降;嫌疑尿样中检出KET和/或NKET,和常规的液液萃取结果相符。结论 该方法适用于尿中KET和NKET的同时测定。     

Miniaturized sample preparation method for determination of amphetamines in urine

A simple and miniaturized sample preparation method for determination of amphetamines in urine was developed using on-column derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Urine was directly applied to the extraction column that was pre-packed with Extrelut and sodium carbonate. Amphetamine (AP) and methamphetamine (MA) in urine were adsorbed on the surface of Extrelut. AP and MA were then converted to a free base and derivatized to N-propoxycarbonyl derivatives using propylchloroformate on the column. Pentadeuterated MA was used as an internal standard. The recoveries of AP and MA from urine were 100 and 102%, respectively. The calibration curves showed linearity in the range of 0.50-50 microg/mL for AP and MA in urine. When urine samples containing two different concentrations (0.50 and 5.0 microg/mL) of AP and MA were determined, the intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variation were 1.4-7.7%. This method was applied to 14 medico-legal cases of MA intoxication. The results were compared and a good agreement was obtained with a HPLC method.