Determination of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine in human urine with gas chromatograph-flame thermionic detection coupling with direct immersed solid-phase micro-extraction

An analytical method for determination of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (tetramine) in human urine by gas chromatography-flame thermionic detection (GC-FTD) coupling with a direct immersed solid-phase micro-extraction (DI-SPME) was developed. The enrichment effects of three fiber coatings of SPME for tetramine were compared. Results showed that the enrichment effect of polar 85 microm polyacrylate (PA) coating was better than that of apolar 100 and 7 microm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings. Other experimental parameters, such as ionic strength, volume, temperature of sample solution and time for extraction, time and temperature for desorption, were also optimized. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9998 in the range of 0.082-41.0 ng/mL for tetramine. The limit of quantitation of tetramine in urine was 0.082 ng/mL. In this method, the sample pretreatment is simple and convenient. As a monitoring means, it has been successfully applied to detection of tetramine toxicosis in criminal cases, as well as clinical therapy of poisoned sufferer.     

Matching vehicle parts back to the vehicle: a study of the process

Some elaborate car theft schemes have involved the removal of vehicle panels. Matching vehicle panels back to the chassis from which they have been stripped typically relies on the comparison of the paint layers on the panel and the car. A new method of comparison involves comparison of the areas of close contact between the panels and the chassis. In these areas, patterns can be formed by the capillary action of the surface coatings into the gaps between the panels and the chassis. These patterns are random and therefore unique to each different contact area allowing panels to be conclusively matched back to the chassis. A study of the manufacturing process in a vehicle assembly plant in New Zealand was conducted and confirmed the uniqueness of the patterns.     

钢结构建筑的火灾危险性和防火保护

钢材是本世纪最为创新的建筑材料，在高层建筑钢结构、大跨度空间钢结构、轻钢结构等当今现代建筑工程中有广泛应用及发展前景。钢材虽为非燃烧材料，但钢不耐火，温度为400℃时，钢材的屈服强度将降至室外温下强度的一半，温度达到600℃时，钢材基本丧失全部强度和刚度。本文介绍了钢结构的火灾危险性、钢结构的火灾灾害等，指出钢结构防火保护的重要性及目前现有的几种钢结构防火保护方法，并着重介绍了防火涂料对钢结构的防火保护。     

SPME与GC/MS相结合检验尿液中的氯胺酮

目的应用固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析尿液中的氯胺酮。方法对影响SPME萃取效果的萃取头类型、萃取时间、解析时间、离子强度等因素条件进行优化,分析尿中氯胺酮。结果在0.5~2.5μg/m l范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数为0.995 6;最小检出限为2.5μg/L。结论该方法具有预处理简单、分析速度快、灵敏度高等优点,适合实际案件尿样的检验。     

精神病人合同能力鉴定的相关问题

为了探讨精神病人合同能力鉴定的相关理论 ,解决合同能力鉴定中鉴定标准混乱的问题 ,对合同能力鉴定的法律基础、标准、民事行为能力与民事权利能力的区别 ,民事行为能力的广义、狭义区分进行了论述。提出合同能力鉴定的核心问题是意思表示的真实性 ,主张将合同能力分为有、无两级 ,强调合同能力的分级与民事行为能力的等级存在区别。并提出合同能力鉴定的程式为 :首先判定其行为能力 ,有行为能力相应具有合同能力 ,无行为能力即无合同能力 ,限制民事行为者 ,应根据年龄、智力、精神健康状况、生活关联度 ,再分为有合同能力、无合同能力。     

侦查讯问中沉默权问题的经济学研究——兼谈如何从制度上体现对无辜者的保护

沉默权问题与侦查讯问是紧密相关的,沉默权制度的实施将直接影响到侦查人员和犯罪嫌疑人在侦查讯问中行为策略的实施和利益的分配。传统上关于沉默权问题的探讨过于抽象和意识形态化,无法使人得出对沉默权的理性认识。以经济学的市场商品理论来理解沉默权,从崭新的视角审视这一制度,帮助研究者们全面、理性地认识沉默权,并借此分析侦查讯问的互动状态,沉默权制度有利于保护无辜者。     

刑事诉讼视角下辩护权界说

在现代刑事诉讼中,被指控人的辩护权是一项贯穿始终的诉讼权利,主要表现为根据事实和法律提出和论证对被指控人有利的材料和理由,在实体上反驳指控,提出证明被指控人无罪、罪轻、应当减轻或免除其刑事责任的材料和意见,以及在程序上主张被指控人所拥有的合法的诉讼权利,防止其受到不公正的待遇和不应有的侵犯。但是由于司法理念和制度的弊端使得我国现实层面的辩护权呈现出与应然状态的脱节与偏离,因此,立足现状,改革与完善我国的刑事辩护权就显得尤为重要。     

知情权属性之学理研究

知情权的提出缘自对人性的不信任以及对权力监督和防御的需要;人民主权学说是知情权的政治思想基础;利益说和主张权利说是知情权的具体理论依据。作为观念中的权利,知情权具有可请求和可主张的积极权利属性;知情权义务主体的特殊性,使知情权具有不可避免的妥协性;知情权不仅能促进民主制度的发展,而且需要民主制度的支持,因此又具有民主权利属性。     

论危害社会治安犯罪的惩治与预防

惩治危害社会治安的犯罪 ,是维护社会稳定、保障改革开放深入进行的必要之举 ,也是依法治国的重要内容。当前严重危害社会治安犯罪的主要特征是 :突发性、暴力性、有组织性和内外勾结型。为了有效打击严重危害社会治安的犯罪 ,促进社会治安的根本好转 ,在总结以往经验和不足的基础上 ,确立科学的惩治与预防严重危害社会治安犯罪的对策是非常必要的。这些对策应包括 :坚持依法、公正和效率原则 ,注重保护犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权利 ;明确打击重点 ,针对不同性质的犯罪采取不同的措施 ;打击与反腐败相结合 ;化解民事矛盾 ,消除诱发因素 ;打击与预防相结合 ,完善综合治理体系     

未成年犯社区矫正分析

社区矫正在预防和控制未成年人犯罪方面具有十分重要的地位和作用,符合未成年犯的心理特征,有利于克服监禁刑的弊端,有利于和发达国家的刑罚模式接轨。我国社会主义的刑事政策、社会主义的法律体系以及日趋完善的社区和健全的司法行政体系资源为未成年犯罪人适用社区矫正提供了现实可能性。针对我国未成年犯社区矫正工作中存在的问题,笔者认为,更新行刑观念、对社区矫正进行科学定位、建立专门的社区矫正机构、配备专业的矫正人员、建立适合未成年人特点的社区矫正项目以及建立未成年犯社区矫正制度的评估体系是对未成年犯社区矫正制度完善的重要举措。     

"Braxton Hick's" or the birth of a new era? Tracing the development of Ireland's abortion laws in respect of European Court of Human Rights Jurisprudence

In Ireland, Article 40.3.3 degrees of Bunreacht na hEireann (the Irish Constitution) guarantees the right to life of the unborn child and the equal right to life of the mother. Abortion in Ireland is permissible only where there is a real and substantial risk to the mother's own life. Since Ireland became a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950,2 there have been concerns that it could result in Ireland being compelled to introduce a right to abortion. This article commences with a review of the extant law on abortion in Ireland, tracing the Constitutional protection afforded to the unborn child. The article will discuss the impact of the European Court of Human Rights' jurisprudence in regard to access to abortion and to information on abortion services in Ireland in an effort to ascertain if it really has resulted in a radical change to Irish abortion laws. As such, it will also be necessary to examine the more recent decisions of the ECtHR such as Tysiac v. Poland, and A, B, and C v. Ireland, to determine both the approach of the ECtHR to access to abortion in general and also to consider if it has resulted in a liberalisation of abortion law in Ireland.     

论气候变化语境下的国际服务贸易法适用问题:以一般例外规则为视角

各国日益重视采用服务贸易措施应对气候变化,我国WTO服务承诺亦与气候变化相关。因措施通常视成员是否承担减排义务而给予不同待遇,容易违反非歧视原则,一般例外是判断措施合法性的关键。一般例外适用于气候变化时将面临措施性质认定、必要性测试、发展中成员可否利用引言获得特殊待遇等诸多难题。为确保一般例外适用的可预见性并妥善平衡贸易与气候变化,需强化贸易与气候变化的相互支持,解决一般例外法理的连贯性不足等缺陷,避免僵化解释,力争规则更新修改。     

中国法语境中的检察官客观义务

检察官客观义务,是指检察官超越控方立场,坚持客观公正。检察官履行客观义务是检察制度的基本要求,但基于不同的司法制度背景,形成以德国法和美国法为代表的两种类型。检察官为履行打击犯罪的职责需成为热情的控方当事人,又因客观义务而应充当冷静的、无偏倚的司法官,而这两种角色是相冲突的。应当注意客观义务论作用的限度并警惕其可能产生的负面效应,同时注意通过外部制度保证客观义务。在我国,因为检察制度的性质及其制度背景,更须确立检察官客观义务。为此,需要进行一系列的调整,如检讨与合理设定内部绩效制度、在一体化与独立性之间寻找平衡点,尤其应注意遵循诉讼规律,维系诉讼构造功能。     

Towards Good Practice in Juvenile Justice Policy in the Commonwealth

Any witness who is not able to testify due to lack of support or protection is a loss to the proper functioning of a criminal justice system. In this context it is generally accepted that creating a climate for witnesses to testify truthfully and without fear of reprisals is essential to fulfilling the goals of truth and justice. Accordingly, addressing the issues of witness protection and support is a central aspect of a well-functioning criminal justice system; one that contributes not only to the rule of law through more effective investigations and trials, but also ensures that witnesses are treated with the recognition and care they deserve for their contribution to finding the truth. The principle that victims in the criminal justice system must be treated with courtesy, compassion and respect for their personal dignity entails a responsibility on the part of national authorities to realise this basic principle through the development of appropriate mechanisms designed to provide assistance to the victims. However, building effective national victims/witness support and protection is challenging for any state, and especially so for small Commonwealth jurisdictions due to capacity and other constraints. The Commonwealth seeks to provide technical assistance and capacity building to support its members in promoting the rule of law and has developed and disseminated a best practice guide for the protection of victims and witnesses in the criminal justice system. This article seeks to highlight the valuable findings of the Commonwealth guide and to provide guidance to policy-makers, legislators, police, prosecutors and other stakeholders in criminal justice practice.     

Blood and blood components; error and accident reports--Food and Drug Administration. Proposed rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is proposing to amend the biologics regulations concerning blood and blood components to require the submission of certain error and accident reports to the agency by licensed and unlicensed blood etablishments. These reports of error and accidents are being limited to those related to the issue of hepatitis-reactive blood and blood components and the accidental infusion of the wrong red blood cells to a donor during plasmapheresis. Certain other reports of error and accidents would no longer be required to be submitted to the Director, Bureau of Biologics, by these blood establishments. The agency is also proposing to amend the current good manufacturing practice (GMP) regulations for blood and blood components to provide a uniform procedure for reporting and maintaining these records.     

Regulating smart home technology devices under Malaysian legal framework

Notwithstanding the substantial benefits from the deployment of smart technology devices in a home, the prevalent issues of safety and security protection for the users from defective and malfunction of home devices under the law is still inadequate. This paper adopts doctrinal legal research where statutory provisions of products safety and quality standards, laws and guidelines will be analysed. This paper proposes that, in order for Malaysian consumer law to provide protection to the smart home users, the law must be able to clearly address consumer-related issues in a smart home. On the other side, the statutory Housing Sale and Purchase Agreement should be able to address issues related to the smart infrastructure in a home to avoid injustice and denial of right of the smart home buyers to be protected by the law. In addition, the requirement to strengthen rules on duty and responsibility of smart home stakeholders should be addressed to ensure manufacturers and service providers adhere to the products’ safety requirements. This study is beneficial in terms of acquainting housing and consumer regulatory body to take into consideration the needs to review the existing law to avoid discrepancies in facing the emerging of technologies in housing development.     

审判公开的限度——以未成年人刑事审判为例

为了保护未成年人利益,对未成年人刑事案件不公开审判,这是审判公开原则的例外.其基本含义是审判过程不公开,其衍生规则包括:诉讼材料不公开、判决不公开、对其媒体报道要进行限制.但是,未成年人刑事案件不公开也是有限度的,必须在与正当程序、被告人利益、新闻自由等利益平衡后确定是否公开审判,以确保未成年人利益与公众知情权的合理平衡.     

比喻在司法中的适用与原则——“半影”的得失与启示

比喻是司法裁判中一种重要的技艺,它能够弥补逻辑推理的不足、增加裁判的说服力和可接受性,但它的适用必须特别审慎。比喻在美国联邦法院推定隐私权的过程中起到了重大作用,但这种适用有得有失。其"得"体现在经由比喻推导出了隐私权;其"失"体现在论证过程的不甚严谨且造成高昂的机会成本。在司法裁判中运用比喻时,至少应考量历史与传统、现实与社会、远景与近景等因素,以期能够达成一个有效而合理地衔接过去与现在,既能满足现实需求,又有利于社会长期发展的开放性裁判。     

Body Transportation after Homicides: Offender and Offense Characteristics

Body transportation is defined as moving the body of the victim from the scene of a homicide to another location. We analyzed data on 513 South Korean homicide cases with convictions to compare 104 homicides involving the transportation of victims’ bodies with 409 homicides that did not. Offenders who transported their victims’ bodies were significantly younger and more likely to be related to the victims and were less likely to use sharp instruments and more likely to use blunt instruments or strangle the victims than offenders who did not. Victims of homicide involving body transportation were more likely to suffer injuries to the neck and head and less likely to suffer injuries to the torso. Finally, offenders who transported victims’ bodies were more likely to have planned the offense and destroyed evidence. The present findings have practical implications for police investigations.