日中侵权行为法的比较

本文拟就日本与中国民事法中的侵权行为做一比较,并从根源上就两国思想的差异阐述一下个人观点。一、作为债发生事由的侵权行为日本民法典规定契约、侵权行为、不当得利、无因管理是债权（对人的请求权）发生的原因。在这点上日本民法典同中国民法的规定是相同的。其中特别要提到侵权行为、侵权行为的损害赔偿范围限定于实际产生损害的范围,也就是说不采取惩罚性的损害赔偿,两国的法律在这点上是相同的。①进一步说,将侵权行为区分为特殊侵权行为和一般侵权行为;对于一般侵权行为,采取过失责任主义的原则,在这点上两国也是共同的。另…     

不作为侵权行为发展趋势研究

通过对古代法典和现代各国法律的比较研究,发现不作为侵权行为规制模式从传统的一般条款模式、注意义务模式向行为模式发展。不作为侵权责任从混合责任向独立责任发展、关于责任构成的规定从粗疏到精确、责任范围呈不断扩展的趋势,不作为侵权行为立法趋同化的特点愈加明显。此外,确认旁观者容易救助义务为制定法上的义务的国家不断增加,立法和实践中,民法法系国家关于旁观者不作为侵权行为不断扩展,而普通法系国家和地区对旁观者不作为侵权行为也予以认同。为此,我国立法应顺应发展趋势,采纳行为模式,扩展不作为侵权行为范围,加强旁观者不作为侵权行为研究,在法律确认这一新的不作为侵权行为类型。     

《民法总则》第10条的成功与不足——我国民法渊源五分法理论的确立

我国《民法总则》第10条首次在我国的法律当中对民法渊源作出了明确规定,除了明确承认法律和习惯属于民法渊源之外,该条还暗含地排除了行政法规、地方法规和司法解释在民法渊源当中的地位.自此之后,在处理当事人之间的民事纠纷时,法官不得再适用行政法规、地方法规或者司法解释,否则,他们的做法将构成违法,其判决将会因此无效.不过,仅仅将民法渊源限定在第10条所规定的法律和习惯的范围内是存在问题的,因为在现实生活当中,法官处理的大量民事纠纷是法律或者习惯均没有规定的,如果仅仅根据《民法总则》第10条的规定处理他们所面临的民事纠纷,则法官将会无所适从.为了满足现实生活的需要,在承认法律和习惯属于民法渊源的情况下,我们也应当承认另外三种民法渊源即司法判例、民法学说和法律的一般原则,这就是民法渊源的五分法理论.     

电子商务交易领域的知识产权侵权责任规则

《电子商务法》第41-45条规定了电子商务交易领域的知识产权侵权责任规则,除了第41条规定了电子商务平台经营者保护知识产权的义务之外,第42-45条规定的是电子商务交易领域中的知识产权侵权责任规则,包括"避风港"原则和"红旗"原则。在"避风港"原则中,知识产权权利人对平台内经营者实施的侵权行为享有通知权,一经行使,电子商务平台经营者即发生相应的及时采取必要措施等义务;错误行使通知权的,不仅自己要承担侵权的补偿性赔偿责任或者惩罚性赔偿责任,而且对方即平台内经营者产生反通知权,以对行使通知权的行为予以反制。电子商务平台经营者负有通知知识产权权利人等义务,知识产权权利人享有投诉或者起诉的权利。适用"红旗"原则的要件是电子商务平台经营者知道或者应当知道平台内经营者实施了侵权行为而不采取必要措施,构成共同侵权行为中的帮助行为,应当与平台内经营者共同承担侵权连带责任。     

论侵权行为法中的公平责任原则

在侵权行为法当中,归责原则是一个核心问题。就目前我国民法规定来看,要想妥善地解决侵权问题,必须完善我国侵权行为法上的公平责任原则。至今中国学术界对公平责任原则的相关理论存在很多争议。本文试图从公平责任原则的涵义、公平责任原则的法律地位、公平责任原则的适用、公平责任原则的限制这几个方面加以分析,提出自己的一些观点。     

论产品责任主体之间的责任关系

产品责任主体是指因产品责任而应向受害人承担侵权赔偿责任的自然人、法人或其他经济组织。（中华人民共和国产品质量法）（以下简称（产品质量法））第3条规定：“生产者、销售者依照本法规定承担产品质量责任。”由该规定可知，我国法律规定的最基本的产品责任主体是生产者和销售者。关于生产者和销售者在承担产品侵权损害赔偿责任时的相互关系，《民法通则）第122条以及随后颁布的（民法通则若干意见）第153条作了原则性规定。1993年颁布实施的（产品质量法）又作了进一步具体规定，该法第引条规定：“因产品存在缺陷造成人身、他人财产…     

商标侵权行为的民事责任

就法律性质而言,商标侵权行为是一项民事侵权行为,因为它是对他人民事权利——商标专用权的一项不法行为。因此,商标侵权行为的后果之一就是民事责任问题,即由侵权人依法向商标权人承担因其商标侵权行为而引起的民事责任。由于商标侵权行为是一项特殊的侵权行为,在其民事责任问题上,我国商标立法作出了一些特殊的规定,现对此作一分析和研讨。 (一)商标侵权行为的归责原则商标侵权行为归责原则是指我国商标立法中确认的追究商标侵权行为法律责任的基本原则。根据我国商标立法中的一般规定,商标侵权行为的归责原则是无过错责任原则。这一归     

侵权行为法律适用原则的比较研究

一 侵权行为法是各国民法,特别是债法的主要组成部分,在各国的社会生活中起着举足轻重的作用。由于国家利益、社会状况和风俗习惯不同,其关于侵权行为的成立、责任构成和损害赔偿等的规定也就不一样。即使在一个国家的不同法域也是如此。因此,具有涉外因素的侵权行为适用何种法律,对当事人的切身利益有着至关重要的影响,不同的适用原则会导致适用截然相反的法律。传统的侵权行为法律适用原则主要有以下几种:适用侵权行为地法的原则、适用法院地法原则、同时适用侵权行为地法和法院地法原则。 二 传统的侵权行为法律适用规范,连结点单一,形式僵硬。以往的“易于确定应适用的法律”的优     

澳大利亚侵权行为法诠释

在澳大利亚,侵权行为首先被认定为民事过错,进而与刑事过错区别开来。对侵害行为人的处理程序的不同是其划分的主要依据。对澳大利亚侵权行为法的主要作用,侵权行为法与刑法、合同法、赔偿法的关系,侵权行为法责任标准原则,侵权行为法的法律渊源以及发展现状等作了全面阐释。     

论过错是民事责任之唯一根据

在侵权行为的构成要件中,过错实际上吸收了损害事实和因果关系。从实质上说,侵权行为的构成要件只有一项,即行为人过错。民事行为的归责原则本质上只有一条:过错责任原则,既适用侵权,也适用违约。任何无过错违法、无过错侵权、无过错发生责任的规定,都违背民法的基本逻辑和法理。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。