骨质疏松症外伤后骨折的法医学鉴定

法医学鉴定中,骨折是常见的损伤类型.人体骨骼健康者因外伤而发生骨折较易诊断和鉴定,而骨质疏松症患者外伤伤后骨折的案件一直是鉴定的难点,究竟是直接依据条款评定,还是不予评定亦或者依据条款降级评定,容易引起很大争议.因此,法医学鉴定人不断探索,希望能找到可量化伤病关系分析的方法和评价标准,更好地体现司法鉴定的公平、公正,为...     

13例外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的CT诊断及法医学意义

外伤性鼻旁窦单纯性骨折法医学损伤程度评定为轻伤,如果并发脑脊液鼻漏长期不愈则评定为重伤。临床CT诊断中,鼻旁窦骨折并发脑脊液鼻漏与鼻旁窦骨折并发窦腔积血及窦腔炎性积液极易混淆。因此,正确诊断鼻旁窦骨折并发脑脊液鼻漏具有法医学意义[1]。作者对13例临床确诊为外伤性脑脊液鼻漏患者的CT检查进行法医学分析,现报道如下。1对象与方法1.1对象临床确诊为外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的患者13例,男9例,女4例,平均年龄24.3岁。车祸伤11例,拳击伤2例。全部病例均在受伤后5h内进行CT检查,其中11例诊断为鼻旁窦骨折并发窦腔积血,2例诊断为鼻旁窦骨折…     

骨折愈合评估方法的研究进展及其法医学意义

在法医学鉴定中经常需要对骨折形成时间进行鉴定,因此,研究和探讨骨折形成时间的评定方法有着重要的临床及法医学意义.本文综述了超声测量、脉冲测定、数字影像学技术和骨密度检测技术等在评估骨折愈合程度中的应用及其价值.认为综合利用多种评定手段,能为骨折形成时间的法医学鉴定提供科学依据.     

鼻骨骨折的损伤程度评定

<正> 鼻骨骨折是法医临床学鉴定中最常见的一种骨折。其中粉碎性骨折及伴有明显移位的线形骨折依《人体轻伤鉴定标准》(试行)应评定为轻伤。本文作者对103例鼻骨骨折的法医学检案资料进行了回顾性研究,并就其损伤程度评定问题进行探讨。     

108例外伤后椎间盘病变法医学鉴定分析

在法医学鉴定中，经常遇到外伤后由临床医生诊断为椎间盘病变的鉴定例，即所谓外伤后椎间盘病变。由于椎间盘病变的类型不一，且原因复杂，因此，如何分析、判定椎间盘病变与外伤的关系是法医学鉴定中的难点。本文通过对108例外伤后椎间盘病变的病变类型、年龄以及外伤后临床表现等特点的分析，研究和探讨在法医学鉴定中如何分析、判定椎间盘病变与外伤之间的关系。     

81例外伤性鼻部骨折的特点及其法医学鉴定分析

研究鼻部损伤后骨折的特点、确诊的方法及法医学鉴定的相关问题。 81例以鼻部外伤为主诉 ,经鼻骨拍摄X线侧位片 ( 62例加做鼻部CT扫描 )检见有鼻骨骨折的患者 ,进行法医临床学鉴定分析。单纯性线性骨折 19例 ,骨折移位者 11例 ,粉碎性、多发性骨折 4 0例 ,鼻骨骨折伴上颌骨额突骨折或 (及 )伴眶骨骨折 11例 ;轻伤 58例 ( 72 % ) ,未构成轻伤 2 3例 ( 2 8% )。多数鼻骨骨折为粉碎性、多发性 ,且可伴有其它部位骨折。鼻骨X线侧位片只能明确部分粉碎性骨折及部分移位明显的骨折 ,CT扫描能确定鼻部骨折形态。     

二分髌骨影像学征象及其法医学意义

二分髌骨较罕见,系因青春期二个或多个髌骨骨化中心(化骨核)未融合而形成,临床误诊为骨折的屡有报道。为提高对二分髌骨影像征象的认识,避免法医学鉴定失误,现分析行法医学鉴定的3例二分髌骨资料并结合文献,阐述其形成原因、组织学变化、影像学征象及临床症状体征。3例被鉴定人均为成年,因膝关节外伤后出现膝部疼痛,曾被医疗单位诊断为髌骨骨折,委托损伤鉴定2例,伤残评定1例。依据Saupe’s分型法,其中Ⅲ型2例,Ⅱ型加Ⅲ型1例。在法医学鉴定实践中,熟知二分髌骨影像学征象并与髌骨骨折鉴别,可确保鉴定结论的客观、准确。     

59例眼球钝挫伤法医学分析

本文收集1996年5月至1997年5月进行的59例眼球钝挫伤的法医学鉴定案例,对鉴定结果进行初步探讨与分析,找出眼球钝挫伤的临床表现与损伤程度评定之间的关系。1;唐床资料59例,男45例,女14例,年龄问岁～65岁,多为青壮年,为殴斗所致。拳击伤56例,皮带击伤致前房积血1例,木棒击伤致泪小管断裂1例,砖块抛击伤致晶体脱位1例。眼疾病和眼球钝挫伤同时存在共7例,屈光不正5例,均为结膜下出血,老年性白内障合并结膜裂伤1例,青光眼合并泪小管断裂1例。2临床诊断与损伤程度的关系59例按临床诊断分为15类,2种症状并存的,按“重伤吸收轻伤…     

外伤后流产23例法医学鉴定回顾性分析

目的分析外伤后流产案例法医学临床鉴定的特点,探究外伤与流产之间的因果关系。方法收集近年中国医科大学法医学院临床法医学教研室外伤后流产法医学鉴定共23例,总结和分析外伤后流产案例的特点。结果23例外伤后流产法医学鉴定例均为早期流产,体表损伤轻微,伤后短时间内出现阴道流血,并在较短时间内流产。高龄孕妇、农村人口和无业人员所占比例大。结论流产原因较多,对于外伤后流产的法医学鉴定案例,只有排除非外伤性因素后,才能认定为外伤性流产;对于不能排除非外伤性流产因素的案例,可根据具体情况分析损伤为流产的主要原因、次要原因或诱因。     

脊柱脊髓伤与病鉴定的法医学研究

目的　研究脊柱脊髓涉及外伤鉴定的法医学特点。方法　选择活体损伤鉴定１ ０００ 例, 涉及外伤后脊柱脊髓鉴定的分成四组。Ⅰ组： 无伤无病的情况。Ⅱ组： 脊柱脊髓原有病变, 结果与外伤无关。Ⅲ组： 脊柱脊髓原有病变与此次外伤共存, 依据《损伤参与度评定标准》进行评定。Ⅳ组： 外伤导致脊柱脊髓损伤。结果　涉及脊柱脊髓鉴定的８６ 例, Ⅰ组２２ 例, Ⅱ组１３ 例, Ⅲ组１８ 例, Ⅳ组３３ 例。Ⅱ、Ⅲ组以中老年为多, 原有自身疾病共有８ 种, Ⅲ组损伤参与度１ 级（２５ ％ ） 的１０ 例, ２ 级（５０ ％ ） 的６ 例, ３级（７５ ％ ） 的２ 例。Ⅳ组２４ 例胸腰椎损伤, 颈椎／ 脊髓损伤９ 例。结论　资料表明, 法医学鉴定与临床医学有许多不同的特点, 依据临床医学的理论和经验, 研究法医学问题十分必要     

Forensic medical diagnostics of chronic alcoholic intoxication based on the measurement of bone mineral density in the postcranial skeleton and periodontal complex

The objective of this work was to develop forensic medical criteria for the diagnostics of chronic alcoholic intoxication based on the measurement of bone mineral density in the postcranial skeleton and periodontal complex. The stomatological status of 380 subjects was evaluated. Two hundred patients regularly consumed alcohol (group 1) and 180 ones practically did not use it (group 2). The stomatological status was evaluated based on the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-s), the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMF) index, periodontal index (P1) and the papilla bleeding index (PBI). Bone mineral density was measured by X-ray two-photon absorptiometry. The study demonstrated the relationship between variations of the stomatological status and alcohol abuse. Chronic alcoholic intoxication was associated with marked changes of the stomatological status and the loss of bone mineral density that correlated with the results of the orthopantomographic study. It is concluded that the above observations should be taken into consideration in the practical work of forensic medical experts as additional diagnostic criteria of chronic alcoholic intoxication and alcohol-related death.     

CT测量在眶内壁骨折损伤程度鉴定中的应用

目的 利用CT测量眶内壁骨折案件中伤者眶容积扩大率及眶内壁骨质缺损面积,探讨两种CT测量值用于评估眶内壁骨折范围的可行性.方法 选取20例无眼眶骨折案件作为对照组,使用CT测量双侧眶容积,并比较两例是否存在差异.选取本院2018-2020年间受理的眶内壁骨折案件39例作为实验组,并根据鉴定意见分为轻伤组与轻微伤组.分别...     

生理性小骨骺分离的影像学观察及其与骨端骨折的鉴别研究

目的探讨生理性小骨骺分离的影像学特征及其与骨端撕脱性小骨折片的鉴别方法。方法回顾性分析21例怀疑骨端骨折而行法医学鉴定的案例,通过观察骨端游离小骨周边是否存在连续的骨皮质、小骨片相对侧表面是否有连续的骨皮质和局部软组织肿胀情况,并结合损伤机理考察骨折形态。结果21个案例中,6例游离小骨片与相对侧骨表面呈锐利的骨折线,并缺乏连续的骨皮质,周边可见软组织肿胀,考虑骨端撕脱小骨折;15例游离小骨与相对侧骨表面存在连续性骨皮质,考虑为骨关节端永存分离性小骨骺。观察游离小骨周边和相对侧骨表面是否有骨皮质,高分辨CT可以获得满意的结果;观察小骨周边相应的软组织肿胀,MRI较好。结论通过对骨端游离小骨详细的影像学观察,有助于鉴别骨折与生理性小骨骺分离。     

CHN骨龄在司法鉴定中的应用价值

目的探讨CHN(中国人手腕骨发育标准CHN法)骨龄在司法鉴定中的应用价值,分析影响其准确性的因素及相关问题。方法对522例年龄鉴定者,均选用不同曝光值拍摄两张左手腕部正位X线片,并加照两次斜位片。使用CHN法测评骨龄。结果522例中男性489例,女性33例。男性达CHN骨龄最高值18.4岁者129例,余平均骨龄16.5岁。女性达CHN骨龄最高值17.3岁者14例,余平均骨龄15.7岁。CHN骨龄在16.0岁以上者共388例,占约74.3%。本组资料显示多种因素影响骨龄鉴定的准确性,其中以骨龄片位置及角度的变化等影响最大。结论如能获得高质量的X线片、并能熟练使用CHN法、注意利用位置和角度的变化正确判定骨骺分级,CHN骨龄基本可满足活体年龄鉴定的需要。     

利用放射性核素骨显像检查鉴别鼻部骨折新旧程度回顾性法医学分析

目的 利用放射性核素骨显像检查鉴别鼻部骨折的新旧程度.方法 对48例疑似陈旧性鼻部骨折伤者放射性核素全身骨显像、局部断层骨显像及CT融合图像在鼻部骨折处放射性分布、浓聚情况的分析,鉴别鼻部骨折的新旧程度.结果 48例中8例放射性核素全身骨显像、局部断层骨显像及CT融合图像在鼻部骨折处显示放射性分布增高、浓聚区,诊为新鲜骨折,评定为轻伤;40例在鼻部骨折处未见明显异常放射性分布增高、浓聚区,诊为陈旧骨折,与本次外伤无因果关系.结论 放射性核素骨显像检查在鉴别鼻部骨折新旧程度方面可得到满意结果.     

Effects of kinetic energy and firearm-to-target distance on fracture behavior in flat bones

This research implements a fractographic approach to investigate the relationships between kinetic energy, firearm-to-target distance, and various aspects of fracture behavior in gunshot trauma. Gunshot experiments were performed on pig scapulae (n = 30) using three firearms generating different muzzle (initial) kinetic energies, including a 0.32 pistol (103 J), 0.40 pistol (492 J), and 0.308 rifle (2275 J). Specimens were shot from two distances: 10 cm (n = 15) and 110 cm (n = 15). Features evaluated in fractographic analysis such as cone cracks, radiating cracks, crack branching points, and circumferential cracks could be easily identified and measured in flat bones and allowed for statistical comparison of crack propagation behavior under different impact conditions. Higher-energy bullets produced more radiating cracks, more crack branching points, and longer fracture lengths than lower-energy bullets. Distance had no significant effect on fracture morphology at the distances tested. That quantitative measures of crack propagation varied with energy affirms that kinetic energy transfer is important in determining the nature and extent of fracture in gunshot wounds and suggests it may be possible to infer relatively high- versus relatively low-energy transfer using these features. Ranges obtained with the three firearms exhibited considerable overlap, however, indicating that other variables such as bullet caliber, mass, and construction influence the efficiency of energy transfer from bullet to bone. Therefore, fracture morphology cannot be used to identify a specific firearm or to directly reconstruct the muzzle (initial) kinetic energy in forensic cases.     

11例迷路震荡的法医临床学鉴定分析

目的 探讨迷路震荡的法医临床学鉴定的有关问题。方法 对11例15耳迷路震荡的法医临床学鉴定资料进行回顾性研究。结果 11例迷路震荡伤者,均有头部受伤史,伤后短时间内出现耳鸣、听力下降,其中4例伴前庭症状;常规耳科检查和头颅及颞骨CT扫描无异常;各种听力学检查提示感音神经性聋或混合性聋;选择ABR和/或40Hz AERP检测客观听阂,11例有不同程度听力损失,以高频听力损失为主,其中双耳4例,单耳7例;鉴定时间在伤后2-8个月;鉴定为轻伤6例,重伤5例。结论 头部外伤后短时间内出现耳鸣、听力下降,可伴前庭症状,常规耳科检查和头颅及颞骨CT扫描无异常,以及各种听力学检查提示感音神经性聋或混合性聋,可诊断迷路震荡,损伤程度鉴定至少在伤后2-3个月进行。     

Fracture of the hyoid bone associated with atlantoaxial subluxation: a case report and review of the literature

Hyoid bone fractures secondary to blunt trauma other than strangulation are rare. Only 27 cases have been reported in the literature. They have few, if any, complications, such as dysphagia, hypoxia, cardiorespiratory collapse, laceration of the pharynx, mandibular fracture, thyroid cartilage fracture, and facial fracture. No report of hyoid bone fracture associated with spinal column injury was reported in the English literature. The authors reported a 46-year-old male patient who complained of neck pain and odynophagia after a traffic accident. After systemic examination and cervical CT scan, the diagnosis of hyoid bone fracture at the right great horn and atlantoaxial subluxation was made. The patient was observed in ICU for 48 hours. A nasogastric tube was inserted for feeding. Fifteen milligrams of dexamethasone was given once a day for 3 days to reduce the swelling and pain. We performed a cutaneous traction for the subluxation and carefully watched the hyoid bone and the patient's respiration. No lethal complications occurred. Two weeks later, the patient was allowed to ambulate with cervical collar protection and to resume oral intake. Three months later, he was asymptomatic. This case, with hyoid fracture and atlantoaxial subluxation, is the only case reported in the literature. The importance of hyoid fracture, however, rests not with the rarity of it, but with the lethal potential of missing diagnosis. Nonsurgical management may be effective in most of the cases.