权利贫困的个人综合能力原因分析

权利贫困是权利享受不足的状态,可以分为政治权利贫困、经济权利贫困、社会权利贫困、文化权利贫困。权利的要素表明,权利需要能力作为支撑才能为个体获得或维持。个人综合能力不足是造成权利贫困的一个重要原因。     

The Rising Urban Poverty: A dilemma of market reforms in China

Twenty years of market reforms have produced a thriving private sector motivated by revenue-generating opportunities and have made China as a whole wealthier. Aimed at balancing market efficiency with the Maoist concept of equity, the reforms have brought about a widening income gap and rising unemployment. These two predominant factors have had negative effects that are responsible for the emergence of a large group of urban poor whose demand for basic needs is under threat. Urban poverty, which may be ideally seen as transitional, has caused great concern as its duration may be persistently long for any political tolerance. This paper investigates the causes of urban poverty, unemployment and rising income disparity in China. It also explores the life conditions and characteristics of the urban poor, and some measures are suggested for the purpose of alleviating urban poverty.     

贫困女性化与女性贫困化:实证基础与理论悖论

自皮尔斯1978年提出"贫困女性化"概念以来,女性与贫困的关联研究成为劳动经济学、家庭社会学、人类学、发展研究以及女性主义研究的重要领域。在全球化语境下,贫困女性化的现象具有客观性,但在不同政治经济文化条件下呈现的形式则有所不同,因此不能简单地将其看作一成不变的全球性现象。具体而言,对贫困女性化的研究不能只关注收入和消费维度;在研究方法上需要超越以"女性户主家庭"为分析单元的局限性,将贫困问题放置于宽化的性别和其他群体领域,特别需要关注多维度的贫困和致贫的原因;针对城市化、工业化转型过程中所出现的女性的竞争劣势性也需要从总体社会关系的角度加以分析,单一的女性本位的发展干预往往会产生负面结果。本文认为,贫困女性化虽然具有实证研究的支持,但是女性与贫困问题在不同经济社会语境和社会关系维度上呈现出了复杂性和多样性。     

风险理念转变与我国农村返贫风险长效治理

随着我国贫困治理进入后扶贫时代,如何有效防范应对农村返贫风险,已成为我国扶贫持续深入推进的关键问题。基于多维贫困概念思维,借鉴风险研究的新理念,将这种风险理解为从收入返贫到多维返贫的风险结构,有利于把握风险的整体性,并对其进行长效治理。分析探索社会风险理论研究在风险人群、致因及应对化解理念的三重转变,能够为我国未来贫困治理中的返贫风险应对研究提供新的视野和思路。以此为理论基点,可以将农村返贫风险概括为叠加性、延续性、人群多样性及变动性等四重特质,基于其三层次结构的复杂原因形成相应的应对策略,是我国农村返贫风险长效治理的有效保证。     

Only Collective Action Can End Poverty Post-COVID-19

正For more than two decades,the global battle to eradicate extreme poverty has made steady and effective progress.Despite a number of serious environmental and economic black swan events that threatened to perilously throw efforts off course, for the past 25 years the number of people living in extreme poverty—registered as people surviving on less than $1.9 a day according to the World Bank—has dropped to record levels.     

人类减贫的中国实践(上)

前言贫困是人类社会的顽疾,是全世界面临的共同挑战。贫困及其伴生的饥饿、疾病、社会冲突等一系列难题,严重阻碍人类对美好生活的追求。消除贫困是人类梦寐以求的理想,人类发展史就是与贫困不懈斗争的历史。     

扶贫新阶段与农村扶贫开发机制的完善路径

新中国成立后,我国农村扶贫开发工作大体经历了五个阶段。2009年随着我国农村扶贫标准上调为人均纯收入1196元,扶贫对象大幅度增加,扶贫战略、扶贫出发点和扶贫任务发生了重大转变,扶贫开发事业即将进入新阶段。为适应扶贫新阶段的新挑战、新要求,必须以扶贫对象识别、扶贫项目瞄准、扶贫资金投入管理、产业化扶贫和长效扶贫机制为重心,积极探索扶贫开发机制的完善路径,加快构建"大扶贫"格局。     

社会排斥视角下的中国农村贫困

中国农村在经济、政治、社会生活、福利制度和文化等五个维度上长期遭受着社会排斥,是农村贫困成为社会发展中久治不愈的深层次原因。社会排斥及其他因素的综合作用,形成了农村贫困再生产机制,使农村贫困处于恶性的代际传递与循环之中。消除农村贫困的关键在于改革国内现行的社会经济政策和制定新的社会政策,消除社会排斥导致的事实上的不平等,还农村一种公正和公平的环境,以促进社会融合,促进社会主义的新农村建设及和谐社会建设。     

关于西部地区农村贫困与反贫困问题的思考

中国贫困人口越来越集中于西北部地区的趋势有其深层次的原因,包括西部地区经济发展相对缓慢,农民能在改革时期从农业增长中获得的利益有限,并且这些地区现有的贫困人口大部分居住在边远的乡镇和农村,特别是山区。该文从当前中国西部农村贫困地区的地域特征、资源秉赋条件等现实出发,提出有利于西部农村贫困人口持续脱贫的若干建议和思考。     

Positively Lead Sustainable Development and Effectively Implement the Right to Development: A Chinese Perspective

The concept and claim of the right to development is a major contribution of developing countries represented by China to the international human rights theories and system. China has been actively promoting sustainable development of the global economic, social and ecological environment and has made substantial contributions to global sustainable development. At the national level, China is committed to eradicating poverty and improving people's well-being. At the international level, China calls for the strengthening of the special mechanism for the right to development and attaches great importance to experience sharing and summarizing of the right to development. China's human rights cause has broad prospects for progress and will also make greater progress in safeguarding the right to development.     

贵州喀斯特少数民族地区区域贫困机制研究

贵州喀斯特少数民族地区的区域贫困有其客观的自然、历史与社会基础.喀斯特环境的地表破碎、山高谷深、土地贫瘠、自然灾害频繁、生态系统失调、使人群生活和生产条件较差.少数民族长期的自然经济形成了比较封闭的人文社会环境.应该说喀斯特民族贫地区是由长期劣势自然条件形成的失衡的生态系统,长期的自然经济形成的封闭的人文社会环境和长期的单一经济结构形成的脆弱、低值的经济态势共同组合的一个区域封闭、主体薄弱、供体贫瘠、载体超负的地理综合体.     

城市少数民族流动人口权利贫困问题论析

权利贫困问题是少数民族流动人口在城市中面临的重要问题之一。在对少数民族流动人口权利贫困界定的基础上,分析了少数民族流动人口的经济权利贫困、社会权利贫困、文化权利贫困、政治权利贫困问题,认为探讨少数民族流动人口的权利贫困问题不能纳入到政治框架中去理解,而是一种伴随少数民族人口流动出现的社会经济现象。少数民族流动人口的权利贫困与经济贫困关系密切,权利贫困问题的产生与制度性社会排斥以及自身能力不足有关。     

The Political Economy of Compassion: China's ‘charity supermarket’ saga

With a focus on Tianjin, this article examines the recent widespread establishment of ‘charity supermarkets’ in China's cities. Inspired by the example of certain ‘thrift shops’ in the US, charity supermarkets were set up for the purpose of assisting the urban poor. Several contrasting contemporary discourses within China concerning poverty, charity, business, and the proper roles of the market, state, and community in the delivery of social welfare are explored. The differing perspectives revealed throw an interesting light on why China's charity supermarkets have not, so far, developed as anticipated. This interesting urban social experiment is analyzed as a case study in the potential to achieve effective ‘mutual empowerment’ of state and society in the contemporary Chinese context.     

How China Protects the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

China prioritizes the rights to survival and to development both in abstract terms and in practical terms in its human rights efforts. As early as the United Nations began to draft the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, China maintained that the right to development should be part of human rights. In the implementation of the Convention, China focuses on the people's livelihood, passes laws and makes policies that protect disability rights, and even prioritizes the protection as part of its economic and social development initiatives, particularly poverty reduction and the effort to make China into a moderately prosperous society. In the international community, China advocates the inclusion of disability rights into international development agendas, and plays a leading role in the implementation of the United Nations' Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. China's unique way of protecting disability rights aptly demonstrates the country's efforts to realize the right to development for its people.     

将社会性别平等观念纳入农村反贫困政策与实践的主流

本文重新审视了已有的贫困概念,引入社会性别意识,总结十年来农村贫困人口的主要变化和社会性别差异,运用社会性别视角分析农村反贫困政策和措施,反思了其中存在的主要的社会性别盲点和问题。     

论文化传统的“体制锁定”与农村反贫困

产生于自然经济基础之上并延续至今的一些文化传统、意识形态等因素所形成的"体制锁定",是造成农村贫困的一个深层次的原因。努力突破"体制锁定",实现良性的制度变迁,是实现农村反贫困一个不可忽略的重要步骤。因此,要大力发展教育,强化人力资本投资,促进人的现代化;打破地域隔绝,通过进一步的开放来带动人们观念的转变;加强宣传工作,直接从思想观念入手,传播与灌输新思想、新观念。     

扶贫车间对农村妇女空间的再造——基于河南省的一个案例

改革开放四十多年来,伴随着经济的快速发展,中国的农村社会结构发生了剧烈变迁,其中较为显著的是大量农村家庭成员外出务工,从而带来了家庭社会关系的断裂和社会空间的分离。较男性而言,女性受到的影响更为突出。通过对河南一个扶贫车间的案例进行研究,本文发现:近几年由政府、企业和村庄社区所共建的扶贫车间,为农村妇女社会空间的再造提供了一种可能路径,但从社会保障和社会福利等角度看,扶贫车间仍然存在一些缺陷和提升空间。     

The Human Side of Poverty Alleviation

正Poverty shouldn't be a controversial subject, but it is. The World Bank, the World Health Organization, the U.S. State Department and pretty much every government in the world has a different definition of what poverty means. In China, absolute poverty is defined as 11 yuan a day; this is about $1.7. The World Bank disagrees and sets a higher number. In 2011 the U.S. considered people to be in poverty if their consumption was less than $21.7 a day. If that were the case, given inflation, almost all Chinese people outside of a few large cities would be in poverty. But living in China is different.     

乡村振兴战略下的乡村旅游与脱贫攻坚

"乡村振兴"已经成为新时代我国农村社会经济发展的主旋律,将统领乡村旅游发展和脱贫攻坚事业。乡村振兴、乡村旅游与脱贫攻坚之间的内在逻辑涉及因果逻辑、主体逻辑、实施逻辑三个方面,在实践中要强调农民的主体地位以及规范理念和产业思维。以乡村旅游产业发展为抓手,助推乡村振兴与脱贫攻坚,一是要精准规划乡村振兴方案和市场营销方案,创新利益分配机制;二是要精准识别客源市场和贫困农户,提升地方经济效益;三是要精准开发特色商品和"三农"人才,培育持续竞争优势。     

城市化过程中的农民工市民化问题

本文认为,目前官方的关于2009年城镇化水平达到47.6%的结论,只是一种表象,原因在于官方城镇人口统计中的农民工群体,其目前的生存状态无法与作为城市化主体的市民相称。农民工市民权的缺失表现为非正规工作、社会保障的有限性与不平等性、政治参与和利益代表不足、家庭分离的居住形式、平等教育权的缺失。文章从历史的视角考察了国家发展战略及其制度安排和结构性压力的相互作用及其对农民工市民化进程的影响,指出农民工市民化的出路在于外部"赋能"与自身"增能"。为此,需要:(1)国家在制定发展战略时对农民工的市民化予以高度重视,对农民工的城市化进程、定位、路径安排等要有整体性的规划与布局,要将农民工看作是公民而不仅仅是城市经济发展所需要的劳动力;(2)国家全面、系统地改革现行的社会政策体系,而不仅仅是考虑改革户籍制度甚至取消户籍制度本身;(3)让农民工获得足够的收入并拥有支付城市生活费用的能力,特别是组织能力和市场能力。