被害人过错与死刑的限制适用

作为司法实践中重要的酌定量刑情节,被害人过错对于死刑的限制适用具有重要意义.被害人过错影响死刑适用的根据在于其反映了犯罪行为人主观恶性和人身危险性的趋轻变化.“责任分担理论”和“谴责性降低理论”共同为被害人过错影响量刑(死刑适用)提供了完整的诠释框架.被害人存在罪错的是否适用死刑应当分情况处理;被害人存在严重过错的,一般不应判处死刑立即执行;被害人存在一般过错的,应慎用死刑立即执行.如果案件中没有明显的从重情节或者还存在其他从宽情节时,原则上应当判处死缓;被害人存在轻微过错的,一般不足以影响对被告人死刑的适用,但可以与其他从宽情节一起对量刑发挥趋轻作用,从而弱化死刑立即执行的适用;被害人对矛盾激化负有直接责任的,一般不应判处死刑立即执行.     

被害人过错与死刑适用

死刑案件大量集中在致人死命的暴力性犯罪中,即多数死刑案件中存在着明确的被害人。在死刑案件中加害人与被害人的责任并非完全处于两个极端——加害人的责任为100%,被害人的责任为0,许多情况下被害人对案件的发生也负有一定的责任。被害人的过错大小直接影响到加害人的刑事责任程度,因此,认真研究被害人过错有利于提高定罪量刑的准确性,在死刑案件中,研究被害人过错对于提高死刑适用的准确性更有重大的意义。     

被害人对刑事案件加害人定罪量刑的影响

本文从被害人对加害人定罪量刑的被动和主动影响入手,具体分析了刑事案件中被害人被动影响和主动影响的种类和理论基础,揭示了被害人对加害人定罪量刑的全面影响,并阐述了司法实践在处理刑事案件中应当全面和正确的对待被害人的这种作用。     

被害人过错在犯罪构成体系中的地位与不法分担

刑法意义上的被害人过错有别于生活意义上的被害人过错。将被害人过错定性为酌定量刑情节不仅忽视了其在犯罪构成中的体系性地位，导致犯罪认定出现偏差，更加剧其在量刑中被有意无意忽略的风险，导致罚过其罪。事实上，犯罪行为人与有过错的被害人共同分担不法与责任，关系到罪质有无、罪量大小的认定。被害人过错本质是“被害人不法”，对其进行评价不会对被害人造成二次伤害。特殊、急性的被害人过错可以作为正当防卫的认定标准，但不能一概将该标准套用于其他被害人过错情形的认定，否则会导致将慢性、长期的被害人过错与轻缓、即时的被害人过错等情形错误地排除出犯罪构成体系，致使不法与责任完全由犯罪行为人一人承担，有损个案公正。     

浅谈被害人过错对被告人定罪量刑的影响

所谓被害人的过锚，是指被害人违反法律、道德规范侵害他人合法权益而激起被告人犯罪的情形。被害人的过错对案件的形成有着重要影响，因此正确分析被害人的过错在案件中的作用，不仅有利于查清案件事实，而且有助于准确、合理的对被告人定罪量刑。但有人认为，被害人的过错对被告人的定罪可能会有影响，但对量刑并无影响，如果以被害人有过锚为由减轻对被告人的处罚，就轻纵了罪犯。笔者对此持不同意见：     

简论损害赔偿中的过错相抵

在现实生活中,损害之所以发生,有时加害人有过错,被害人也有过错,这就构成了混合过错.混合过错既然是加害人和被害人双方的过错,人民法院在审理此类案件时,即应根据他们各自的过错程度,确定双方责任的大小。随后考虑加害人是否赔偿,赔偿多少。这就是民法理论所要研究的过错相抵问题。     

论受害人有过错的数人侵权责任分担

受害人过错参与数人侵权责任分担的伦理基础是分配正义而不是公平.比较法上有"整理衡量说"、"整体衡量与单独衡量相结合说"、"连带责任再分配说"和"按份责任再分配说"四种不同的处理方案.我国侵权法上的受害人有过错的数人侵权责任分担应该按照数人侵权责任分担形态进行类型化.受害人过错不影响因主观关联共同侵权行为承担连带责任,但影响客观关联共同侵权行为和共同危险行为的连带责任适用.受害人过错不影响不真正连带责任形态的适用,但对补充责任形态中补充责任的成立和范围有一定的影响.     

论犯罪被害人过错制度的构建

犯罪被害人在犯罪的产生、进程和发展中扮演着重要的角色。与犯罪学对被害人的研究相比,刑法学中对被害人所进行的研究甚少,但作为刑法学中心任务的定罪量刑中却不能不涉及被害人因素特别是犯罪被害人过错的问题。犯罪被害人过错一定程度上影响和制约对犯罪人的定罪科刑。探究犯罪被害人过错,无论是对刑法学理论体系的完善,还是在实践中对国家刑罚权的运作,     

透析被害人过错及其对反犯罪的作用

通过对犯罪行为中被害人责任程度划分,分析被害人被选择标准、被害原因及犯罪被害人的被害人化,探讨以犯罪人为中心的现行刑法的缺陷及研究被害人过错对准确定罪量刑的意义,提出被害预防和打击犯罪的建议,使之在反犯罪中发挥作用.     

论被害人过错与刑法宽容

任何形式的＂犯罪———被害＂,无一不是被害人与犯罪人之间二元互动的结果。事实上,被害人通过其致害因素,直接或间接地、有意或无意地参与了与犯罪人之间的互动。可以说,所有的被害人都对自己的被害亦即犯罪的发生负有不同程度的责任。既然如此,那么在对犯罪人定罪量刑时,就应当考虑被害人的过错因素,对犯罪人给予适当宽容。     

Proportionality in Sentencing and the Restorative Justice Paradigm: ‘Just Deserts’ for Victims and Defendants Alike?

The doctrine of proportionality seeks to limit arbitrary and capricious punishment in order to ensure that offenders are punished according to their ‘just desert’. In Australian sentencing law, proportionality goes some way toward achieving this ‘balanced’ approach by requiring a court to consider various and often competing interests in formulating a sentence commensurate with offence seriousness and offender culpability. Modification of sentencing law by the introduction of victim impact statements or the requirement that sentencing courts take explicit account of the harm done to the victim and community has generated debate, however, as to the extent to which offenders may be now subject to unjustified, harsher punishments. This article proposes that in order to overcome the controversy of the modification of offender and victim rights in sentencing, sentencing courts adhere to a doctrine of proportionality that is explicitly sensitive to the needs of victims and offenders in a model of restorative justice that focuses on the consequences of crime as against the individual, rather than the state. The extent to which proportionality, as the current constitutive principle of Australian sentencing law, may be modified to better encourage a dialogue between victim and offender is discussed.     

论被害人过错影响刑事责任之正当依据

有关被害人过错影响刑事责任的正当依据主要存在"风险创设"、"比较过错"、"值得保护"以及"自我答责"、"期待可能性"几种代表性的理论。这些理论在一定程度上说明了被害人过错影响刑事责任的正当性基础,但这些理论的共同缺陷在于:首先,脱离刑事责任的内在结构本身,片面地理解犯罪构成对刑事责任的决定性作用;其次,将被害人过错理解为纯客观情境因素,无视被害人这一"人"的能动要素对犯罪构成各个层面的复杂、全面的影响。因此,这些理论的解释力和说明性都是有限的。只有从刑事责任的内在构造入手,分析被害人过错对刑事责任内在构成要素的全面影响,才能真正探寻到被害人过错影响刑事责任的正当依据。     

Predicting perceptions of date rape: an examination of perpetrator motivation, relationship length, and gender role beliefs

The purpose of the current study is to examine the influence of multiple offender motivations (including no indication of a motivation), relationship length, and gender role beliefs on perceptions of a male-on-female date rape. A sample of 348 U.S. college students read a brief vignette depicting a date rape and completed a questionnaire regarding their attributions about the victim (culpability, credibility, trauma, pleasure) and perpetrator (culpability, guilt, sentencing recommendations). Results indicate that providing observers with information about the perpetrator's motivation was associated with lower victim blame. Relationship length is not predictive of rape attributions. Egalitarian gender role attitudes are associated with lower levels of victim blame. Overall, gender role attitudes exert a more significant influence on rape attributions than participant gender. The findings suggest that knowledge of an offender's motivation as well as observers' gender role attitudes can influence attributions about the culpability of victims and perpetrators of date rape.     

试论刑法中的被害者过错制度

被害者过错问题是被害学理论中的一个关键问题。被害者过错问题的研究有着重要的刑法学意义,而这一问题虽已在不同程度上被各国刑法学界意识到,并在立法中有着片段性的反映,但问题没有被系统化地认识和规制。根据其对刑事事件发生的影响力大小及性质的不同,具体被害者过错可以被分为迫发行为、引发行为、激发行为和触发行为等几个层级,并和加害者刑事责任的大小呈反比对应关系。抽象被害者过错有着与此一致的道理。在刑法及一些相关法律中确立完整、系统的被害者过错制度,意义显著。     

The ‘Usual Suspects’

Abstract

A key issue in contemporary criminology is the role that social status, and particularly race, plays in legal processes. Previous research suggests that criminal justice proceedings-including arrest, conviction, and sentencing rates-are influenced by victim and offender race, but rarely examines the role of race in reporting events to the police. The following research uses data from the rape sub-sample of the National Crime Victimization Survey of households 1992-2001; logistic regression analyses are conducted to determine how victim and offender race influence reporting of rape to the police, controlling for other incident characteristics. The findings suggest that rapes with a Black perpetrator are much more likely to be reported to police, regardless of whether the victim is white or Black.     

英美刑法上的被害人共同责任

在认定行为人的刑事责任时,英美刑法传统上坚持"不得谴责被害人"的原则,但这一原则不符合被害人学的原理,而且,在英美刑法中,实际上在诸多方面例如被害人同意、自我防卫与挑衅行为中均承认了被害人的共同责任。承认被害人的共同责任,具有合理的规范性基础。根据权利的限定性原理,被害人共同责任可区分为自愿的权利减少型和非自愿的权利减少型,在此基础上考虑行为人与被害人在具体案件中相关权利的重要性程度、比较因果关系与比较罪责等因素,从而为被害人共同责任的适用提供了具体的判断标准。英美刑法的被害人共同责任原理对我国司法实践具有重要的借鉴价值。     

Employing mixed methods to explore motivational patterns of repeat sex offenders

PurposeUnderstanding the motivation of sex offenders plays a key role in societal perception of victim culpability and offender responsibility. This study identified patterns of offender motivation, assessed motivation stability across offenses, and estimated the influence of offense/victim specific factors on motivation in comparison to offender factors.MethodsEmploying mixed-methods sequential explanatory research design, the study utilized confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to identify motivational factors underlying 346 crime events. Second, motivation stability was assessed across offenses committed by 69 offenders. Finally, interview data were reviewed to assess whether offender types emerged corresponding to CFA results.ResultsA motivational typology was identified comprised of five offender groupings built upon two underlying constructs, one driven by sexual gratification and the other linked to anger/aggression. Minimal change in motivation was observed across offenses committed by the same offender against different victims. Offense/victim specific influence (22-23%) and offender related influence (77-78%) were similarly distributed with both sexual and anger-driven motivation.ConclusionsMotivation plays a key role in offending. Offense/victim specific factors have similar proportional influence on crime motivation in comparison to offender factors irrespective of the type of motivation. Contrary to popular public perception, victim blame is not warranted regardless of what motivates offenders.     

论被害人量刑意见的提出：现状与重构

被害人量刑意见是被害人表达诉求的重要载体.被害人量刑意见的提出有助于恢复被害人的受损利益,弥补公诉权行使之不足,实现刑罚裁量的客观公正.目前我国被害人量刑意见的提出还存在一系列问题,应从提出主体、内容、时机、方式以及效力等方面对被害人量刑意见提出程序进行重构.     

我国刑事赔偿制度归责原则反思

对刑事赔偿的归责原则,我国有学者主张适用过错责任原则,有学者主张适用违法责任原则,还有学者主张适用结果责任原则,等等。这些原则在解决应否赔偿的问题上都存在难以克服的缺陷。之所以如此,主要是因为刑事赔偿制度与一般侵权赔偿制度有重大区别,刑事赔偿程序由国家向受害者支付赔偿费用的程序以及追偿程序两大程序构成,这两大程序应适用不同的归责原则:前一程序应适用结果责任原则,后一程序应适用过错责任原则。我国国家赔偿法对刑事赔偿归责原则的规定存在严重缺陷,应当进行彻底重构。