毒品来源推断技术进展

毒品来源推断技术在打击毒品犯罪中的作用日益引起了各国法庭科学专家们的关注 ,该技术正成为世界各地顶级毒品分析实验室的一项重要组成部分。毒品来源推断技术主要是利用各种先进的分析技术和手段对缴获的毒品样品进行全面的理化检验及组成分析 ,建立其样品指纹图 ,采用科学的统计和数据处理方法 ,推测毒品的可能产地、相关加工工艺和运输过程等毒品来源信息的综合技术。毒品来源推断技术的应用具有为禁毒执法部门提供法律服务和战略、战术情报服务的双重作用。尽管毒品来源推断技术是一种功能强大的工具 ,但应用成功与否取决于多种可变因…     

唾液检材在毒品检测中的应用

近年来,毒品滥用问题日益突出,提高生物样品中毒品检测技术的性能是法庭毒物学研究的重点。相比于血液和尿液样品,唾液在的样品采集和毒品检测中具有诸多优势,因而逐渐受到重视。本文对近年来国内外唾液样本用于毒品检测方面的研究成果进行综述,介绍唾液毒品检测的发展情况以及相关的代谢动力学研究状况,旨在为相关研究和实践提供参考。     

定量检测毒品的蛋白芯片的研发

目的利用蛋白芯片技术建立一种快速、高通量的毒品定量检测方法。方法采用硝酸纤维膜作为蛋白芯片的基片,将多种毒品和蛋白偶联物抗原包被在芯片基片上后封闭,不同毒品的单克隆抗体与之结合,再用荧光染料Cy5标记的二抗孵育,样本中如果含有毒品成分,将会与包被的毒品偶联物竞争性地与毒品的抗体相结合,导致最终的荧光信号发生改变,荧光信号的变化与样品中的毒品的浓度相关。通过荧光芯片检测仪CCD可以进行定量分析,最终判断样本中毒品的含量。结果对506例样本进行定性定量检测,与GC-MS仪器比较后总相关性在88%以上,芯片的检测灵敏度比胶体金方法提高10倍,其检测的特异性达到99%。结论蛋白芯片是一种有效、准确的高通量检测毒品含量的方法。     

环境污水毒品检测技术在禁毒情报中的应用

本文以环境污水毒品检测技术为基础,结合相关法学和统计学理论,为毒品检测技术在禁毒情报的获取中提供了新的应用方式。本文首先介绍了环境污水分析技术的起源以及污水流行病学的研究方法,并对包括样品提取与保存、固相萃取、液相色谱串联质谱法分析在内的污水样品中毒品检测技术手段进行了详细的介绍;进而,对以禁毒情报工作的需求为着力点,通过动态广泛的污水中毒品检测,以大数据的方式获得关于不同种类毒品的时间空间分布情况的方法进行说明论述,充分展现了环境污水检测技术的应用潜力及前景;最后,对此项工作目前在理论和实践中存在的问题与不足进行了简要的汇总和分析。     

海洛因毒品中残留有机溶剂的检测方法与结果分析

目的建立固体海洛因毒品中残留有机溶剂的顶空-气相色谱和顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用检测方法。方法采用干法和湿法处理42份样品,密封后90℃加热振荡20min,抽取顶空气体用气相色谱法（DB-WAX毛细柱,30m×0.25mm,0.25μm）和气相色谱-质谱联用法（HP-5MS毛细柱,30m×0.25mm,0.25μm）检测,以已知17种有机溶剂外标法定性。在样品中加水后检测,根据峰高估算5种共有成分的含量。结果在42份海洛因毒品中检出乙酸、乙醚、乙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙醛、三氯甲烷等12种有机溶剂成分,5种主要共有成分相对含量有差别。结论本研究建立的检测方法快速、简便,定性可靠,可用于固体海洛因毒品的来源与批次分析。     

域外毒品鉴定错案成因分析与防范借鉴

近年来,域外毒品鉴定错案高发,深刻暴露出毒品鉴定管理的内源性问题,值得我国相关领域工作人员借鉴。本文首先概述了毒品鉴定的特点;其次,根据近年来美国、加拿大、英国等地出现的典型毒品鉴定错案,对相关成因做系统梳理,为提升毒品鉴定管理质量、降低毒品鉴定错案的负面影响提供参考依据。本文将鉴定错案分为"错误"和"失误"两大类,并提出了通过提升实验室内部管理、加强实验室外部监督以及落实鉴定意见的质证认证等环节,预防毒品鉴定错案的系统方法。对于防范毒物毒品错案的发生具有重要的参照意义。     

生物样品中鸦片类毒品检验概述

概述了近 5年来生物样品中鸦片类毒品的检验情况 ,其中包括鸦片类毒品的主要种类及结构 ,鸦片类毒品在体内的代谢 ,LLE、SPE和SFE等提取净化技术 ,免疫测定、GC/MS、HPLC和LC/MS等检测方法。     

毒品国际协作测试（ICE）简介

为促进毒品实验室的国际间交流,提高毒品实验室检测能力,联合国毒品与犯罪办公室（United Nation Office on Drug and Crime—UNODC,所在地奥地利维也纳）实验室及科学部（Laboratory and Scientific Section--LSS）从2007起在世界范围内组织国际合作测试（International Collaborative Exercise--ICE）,每年进行上、下半年共两轮测试。     

毒品样品的稳定性研究

对毒品进行同一认定是禁毒工作的一个重要方面。关于毒品稳定性的研究,文献报道尚少,仅见毒品水溶液或在有机溶剂中的稳定性研究。本文研究了目前社会上最常见的海洛因、甲基苯丙胺及氯胺酮样品在固体状态下的稳定性,包括室温和冰箱两种存放条件,结果发现上述毒品的固体样品在室温和冰箱中存放1年其含量无明显变化。     

污水分析中直接进样法与固相萃取法的比较与应用

目的 将本课题组最新研发的测定污水中11种常见毒品及其代谢物的直接进样法与本课题组已发表固相萃取法的定量结果进行比较，以保证直接进样法定量结果的准确性，并对当前常见的污水前处理方法进行比较及应用探究。方法 选取3份已知浓度的添加污水样品及15份未知浓度的实际污水样品，使用两种方法进行样品前处理，并将检测到的相同目标物浓度之间的差异百分比进行计算。结果 两种方法的差异百分比范围为-13.76%～14.00%，这一差异值可被接受。结论 直接进样法可得到良好的定量结果并能满足污水分析的高通量分析要求，同时建议各实验室开发两种污水处理方法，对司法部门加快建设高水平的毒品实验室体系，推进禁毒科技创新具有重要意义。     

A fast analysis system for forensic DNA reference samples

On January 1st, 2006, the Swedish legislation on obtaining DNA reference samples from suspects and the recording of DNA profiles in databases was changed. As a result the number of samples analysed at the Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL) increased from about 4500 in 2005 to more than 25,000 in 2006. To meet this challenge, SKL launched a new analysis system to create an unbroken chain, from sampling to incorporation of a profile in the national DNA database and subsequent automatic generation of digitally signed hit reports. The system integrates logistics, digital data transfer, new functions in LIMS (ForumDNA Version 4, Ida Infront AB) and laboratory automation. Buccal swab samples are secured on a FTA^® card attached to an identity form, which is barcoded with a unique sample ID. After sampling, the police officer sends a digital request to SKL. The sample is automatically registered in LIMS and processed on delivery. The resulting DNA profiles are automatically classified according to quality using a custom-made expert system. Building the evaluation around mathematical rules makes it reproducible, standardised and minimises manual work and clerk errors. All samples are run in duplicate and the two profiles are compared within LIMS before incorporation in the database. In the first year of operation, the median time for completion of an analysis was 3 days, measured from delivery of the sample to incorporation of the profile in the national DNA database. In spite of the dramatic increase in the number of reference samples there was no backlog.     

法医物证DNA自动化检验技术体系的研究

目的建立自动化工作站同步提取不同种类涉案法医生物检材DNA的新方法。方法选用TECAN Freedom EVO100．4、75—2型自动化提取、加样工作站,采用磁珠法及Chelex-100法对各类涉案生物检材进行DNA提取、PCR扩增、毛细管电泳检测其STR分型,进行比较测试。在“全国公安机关DNA数据库应用系统”中建立并应用实验室信息管理系统（LIMS）模拟实施规范化DNA检案。结果1552份各类检材,采用工作站-磁珠法提取DNA效果最佳,STR检测成功率为95％,工作站-Chelex法为88％;二者分别与其手工提取法比较,成功率无明显差异。92个样本同期检测,自动化工作站较手工操作DNA检案时间可缩减1．25倍。结论工作站域珠法提取涉案检材DNA,可获得满意的STR分型结果。应用LIMS管控,可有效防控污染,明显提高检案效率及鉴定质量。     

Implementation of a semi-automated processing system for DNA profiling of forensic casework samples

The concept for a semi-automated processing system for DNA analysis of crime scene samples was developed at the Landeskriminalamt Baden-Württemberg (LKA BW) and comprises the extraction of genomic DNA from human cells by ChargeSwitch^® magnetic bead technology (CST), quantification of purified DNA by real-time PCR, amplification of short tandem repeats (STRs) by PCR and DNA fragment length analysis of STRs by capillary electrophoresis. Three liquid handling workstations from Tecan, a real-time PCR device and a 16-channel capillary electrophoresis (CE) system, both from Applied Biosystems (AB), are linked via laboratory data network. Transmission and management of sample and analysis data is enabled by a Laboratory Information and Management System (LIMS). Suitability for a wide range of stain types, early exclusion of DNA-free samples, barcode sample identification and prevention of cross-contaminations guarantee efficiency and high quality standards.     

IGNA's original LIMS: A complete traceability of administrative and analytic processes for forensic cases

IGNA is the first French laboratory for forensic DNA analysis. IGNA LIMS was developed from the software Microsoft Dynamics NAV which is an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) with a real opened solution for specific development and compatible with a lot of Microsoft applications.Thanks to the LIMS, we assure the traceability of analysis and also administrative process (traceability of letters, quotes or phone calls for each case and registration of actions to be done in a case (call for results …)).For one penal case, we can associate one or more sealed items. The DNA expert indicates the analysis to do on each piece (biological fluid detection, type of extraction, nuclear or mitochondrial DNA analysis …).During the technical process, samples automatically pass from a step to the next. Technicians indicate all the information needed for traceability (consumables lot number, used robots …).At the end of the process, the DNA expert validates his results, which are then directly transferred to the final report.Development of the IGNA LIMS from Microsoft Dynamics NAV allows us to use all specific applications of an ERP such as purchases, marketing, sales, etc. and to assure computerization of all our process, from quote to analysis report.     

Implementation of a Blind Quality Control Program in a Forensic Laboratory

A blind quality control (QC) program was successfully developed and implemented in the Toxicology, Seized Drugs, Firearms, Latent Prints (Processing and Comparison), Forensic Biology, and Multimedia (Digital and Audio/Video) sections at the Houston Forensic Science Center (HFSC). The program was put into practice based on recommendations set forth in the 2009 National Academy of Sciences report and is conducted in addition to accreditation required annual proficiency tests. The blind QC program allows HFSC to test its entire quality management system and provides a real-time assessment of the laboratory’s proficiency. To ensure the blind QC cases mimicked real casework, the workflow for each forensic discipline and their evidence submission processes were assessed prior to implementation. Samples are created and submitted by the HFSC Quality Division to whom the expected answer is known. Results from 2015 to 2018 show that of the 973 blind samples submitted, 901 were completed, and only 51 were discovered by analysts as being blind QC cases. Implementation data suggests that this type of program can be employed at other forensic laboratories.     

Finnish guidelines for workplace drug testing

The Finnish guidelines for workplace drug testing outlined here represent what is considered the best practice for workplace drug testing to be followed in Finland. The guidelines are based on the act on the protection of privacy in working life (759/2004), the occupational health care act (1383/2001) and the decree on workplace drug testing (218/2005). They start by defining situations in which workplace testing is allowed and continue up to the point where the certificate is submitted to the employer. The role of the occupational health care system is crucial in the procedure. The guidelines include the best practice procedures to be followed by laboratories providing workplace drug testing services. The laboratory recommendations are based on general principles established internationally. In the Finnish guidelines, accreditation is an absolute prerequisite for a laboratory functioning as a workplace drug testing laboratory. The laboratory section of the guidelines includes specimen collection, laboratory organisation, analysis procedure, quality assurance and quality control measures. These largely conform to the European laboratory guidelines for legally defensible workplace drug testing published by the European workplace drug testing society (EWDTS), but there are differences. In addition to using urine as a specimen, the Finnish guidelines also encompass blood.     

Automatic data processing of reference DNA-profiles from FTA and non-FTA samples

The new Swedish DNA legislation resulted in a huge increase in reference samples. In 2006 approximately 25,000 reference samples were received compared to 5000 in 2005. To meet this increase the reference samples had to be handled in a more automatic process than previously. A new module in the LIMS system automatically compares duplicate results and creates confirmed results if the DNA profiles meet the set requirements. Profiles without automatically confirmed results need to be manually investigated. Certain rules and settings in the LIMS sort these samples. Evaluators are able to combine the results to form confirmed results or chose to reanalyse the samples. At a rough estimate, 80% of all FTA samples are automatically assigned confirmed results, without any manual handling. Only 0.09% of the reference samples was terminated without results in every marker.     

检察机关统一业务应用系统的程序机理与功能完善

检察统一业务应用系统作为案件流程管理的信息技术平台和载体,并非是一个纯粹的技术装置。它在程序刚性、程序独立、程序自治、程序信息、程序效益、程序控权等方面还有着深刻的内在机理和重要的功能作用。我们应立足业务系统运行的程序机理,着眼程序功能价值的实现,在管理范围、管理流程、管理权限、管理信息、管理人员、管理视野等方面进一步拓展和完善,以实现业务系统功能发挥的最大化。     

A high-throughput urinalysis of abused drugs based on a SPE-LC-MS/MS method coupled with an in-house developed post-analysis data treatment system

A rapid urinalysis system based on SPE-LC-MS/MS with an in-house post-analysis data management system has been developed for the simultaneous identification and semi-quantitation of opiates (morphine, codeine), methadone, amphetamines (amphetamine, methylamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)), 11-benzodiazepines or their metabolites and ketamine. The urine samples are subjected to automated solid phase extraction prior to analysis by LC-MS (Finnigan Surveyor LC connected to a Finnigan LCQ Advantage) fitted with an Alltech Rocket Platinum EPS C-18 column. With a single point calibration at the cut-off concentration for each analyte, simultaneous identification and semi-quantitation for the above mentioned drugs can be achieved in a 10 min run per urine sample. A computer macro-program package was developed to automatically retrieve appropriate data from the analytical data files, compare results with preset values (such as cut-off concentrations, MS matching scores) of each drug being analyzed and generate user-defined Excel reports to indicate all positive and negative results in batch-wise manner for ease of checking. The final analytical results are automatically copied into an Access database for report generation purposes. Through the use of automation in sample preparation, simultaneous identification and semi-quantitation by LC-MS/MS and a tailored made post-analysis data management system, this new urinalysis system significantly improves the quality of results, reduces the post-data treatment time, error due to data transfer and is suitable for high-throughput laboratory in batch-wise operation.