Educación jurídica,investigación y derechos humanos inteligentes

The recent studies on the genes, the neurons and the information, are influencing the form to know us and to know the reality. The opportunity is had, for this reason, to improve the formation of the professor and the students of the Right, to happen of an education of repetitions to one of new features, discovery, diversion, that is to say, investigation. One is to avoid “to transmit” information, but to explore it, to construct it, only to invent it, working in equipment, professor and students, inside and outside the hall classes. The contents to investigate can be placed in the past, the present or in the future, like the human rights. Thus, it is tried that the well-known or effective human rights, the products of the legal rationalism, are extended to protect the emotional human dignity: the respect, the confidence, the tolerance, the responsibility, the happiness, desire, the pleasure. Human intelligence is multiple, for that reason the human rights must be intelligent, that protect and develop the intellect, the affectivity, the corporal one, the energy, the environment and its cosmovisión.     

审判公开的限度——以未成年人刑事审判为例

为了保护未成年人利益,对未成年人刑事案件不公开审判,这是审判公开原则的例外.其基本含义是审判过程不公开,其衍生规则包括:诉讼材料不公开、判决不公开、对其媒体报道要进行限制.但是,未成年人刑事案件不公开也是有限度的,必须在与正当程序、被告人利益、新闻自由等利益平衡后确定是否公开审判,以确保未成年人利益与公众知情权的合理平衡.     

Two Rights of Free Speech

My main argument in this paper is that the right to freedom of expression is not a single right, complex as it may be, but spans two separate rights that I label the right to speak and the right to hear. Roughly, the right to speak stands for the right of a person to express freely whatever they wish to communicate to some other persons or to the public at large. The right to hear stands for the right to have free and unfettered access to any kind of content that has been communicated by others. The right to speak and the right to hear are two separate rights, grounded in different kinds of interests. I try to show that this division of rights and their respective rationales can be utilized to explain how we think about some of the limits of the right to freedom of expression, particularly in the context of conflicts between the right to speak and the right to hear, conflicts that are rather pervasive. I also argue, though perhaps less conclusively, that in thinking about the limits of freedom of expression, an exclusive focus on the harm principle would be misguided. There is no reason to deny that speech is often harmful, sometimes very much so, but the prevention of harm is not sufficient to justify legal prohibition, at least not in this case.     

对我国先予执行制度立法定位的思考

先予执行的功能是对民事诉讼起保障作用,其保障具体包含了对当事人合法权益的"及时"保护和"有效"保护两方面的内容。但现行先予执行的立法仅体现了对当事人的"及时"保护,缺失对当事人"有效"保护的规定。先予执行立法定位的偏颇和制度设计的不合理,不仅使当事人合法权益得不到充分的保障,也使先予执行制度在我国目前的司法实务中很少得到施行,欲解决先予执行的现存问题,仅进行制度性的修补无济于事,必须基于对当事人合法权益的"有效"保护和对当事人合法权益的"及时"保护,对先予执行制度进行重新立法定位,将先予执行界定为是使债权人的权利得到早日实现、是对未生效的判决赋予执行力。     

论消费者义务

本文基于消费者义务而展开论述,先对非理性消费行为的表现形式从三个角度作了界定,然后分析其成因和社会危害并论证了建构消费者义务规范体系的必要性。最后,从受教育义务和消费者特定信息的提供义务、守法义务和遵守约定义务、依法行使权利的义务、不得为害的义务和诚实守信的义务以及尊重社会公序良俗的义务等角度提出建议。     

论劳动者的罢工权

在法律上承认和规范劳动者的罢工权,防止非法罢工,不仅有利于劳动者劳动权益的维护,也有利于社会的稳定。罢工权不是孤立的,劳动法领域中的罢工权,是劳动者的一项劳动权利,是劳动者集体劳动权的重要组成部分,与劳动者组织工会的权利（团结权）、集体谈判的权利密不可分。劳动者享有法律所保护的合法罢工权。罢工基于维护劳动者的合法权益,局限于劳动关系领域,并要符合法律规定的程序。在法律上确立劳动者享有合法的罢工权后,如何保护依法罢工的劳动者的利益是法律必须面对和解决的重要问题,也是关系到劳动者罢工权是否能真正享有的保障。为了维护劳动者的权益,法律应当赋予劳动者罢工权,但当罢工影响到社会公共秩序的时候,罢工权就应该受到限制。     

Donation of 'spare' fresh or frozen embryos to research: who decides that an embryo is 'spare' and how can we enhance the quality and protect the validity of consent?

This paper analyses elements of the legal process of consent to the donation of 'spare' embryos to research, including stem-cell research, and makes a recommendation intended to enhance the quality of that process, including on occasion by guarding against the invalidity of such consent. This is important in its own right and also so as to maximise the reproductive treatment options of couples engaged in in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment and to avoid possible harms to them. In Part 1, with reference to qualitative data from three UK IVF clinics, we explore the often delicate and contingent nature of what comes to be, for legal purposes, a 'spare' embryo. The way in which an embryo becomes 'spare', with its implications for the process of consent to donation to research, is not addressed in the relevant reports relating to or codes of practice governing the donation of embryos to research, which assume an unproblematic notion of the 'spare' embryo. Significantly, our analysis demonstrates that there is an important and previously unrecognised first stage in the donation of a 'spare' embryo to research, namely: consent to an embryo being 'spare' and so, at the same time, to its disuse in treatment. This is not explicitly covered by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology (HFE) Act 1990, as amended by the HFE Act 2008. Having identified this important initial stage in the process of consent to the donation of a 'spare' embryo to research in conclusion to Part 1, in Part 2 we analyse the idea of consent to an embryo's disuse in treatment on the basis that it is 'spare' with reference to the legal elements of consent, namely information as to nature and purpose, capacity, and voluntariness. We argue that there are in fact three related consent processes in play, of which the principal one concerns consent to an embryo's disuse in treatment. If the quality of this first consent is compromised, in turn this will impact on the quality of the consent to the donation of that 'spare' embryo to research, followed by the quality of consent to future cycles of assisted reproduction treatment in the event that these are needed as a result of a donation decision. The analysis overall is of central relevance to the debate as to whether, and if so when, it should be permissible to request the donation of fresh embryos for research, as opposed to those that have been frozen and, for instance, have reached the end of their statutory storage term. This has a particular bearing on the donation of embryos to stem-cell research since there is a debate as to whether fresh embryos are most useful for this.     

Child support enforcement program; extension of services to Medicaid recipients and to former AFDC recipients--Office of Child Support Enforcement, HHS. Final rule

These final rules implement sections 9141 and 9142 of Public Law 100-203, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, which amended title IV-D of the Social Security Act (the Act). Section 9141, effective December 22, 1987, amended section 457(c) of the Act to require State child support enforcement (IV-D) agencies to provide appropriate notice and to continue to provide IV-D services to persons no longer eligible for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) under title IV-A of the Act. The IV-D agency must continue to provide services and pay any amount of support collected to the family on the same basis and under the same conditions as pertain to other non-AFDC families, except that no application, other request to continue services or any application fee for services may be required. Section 9142, effective July 1, 1988, amended section 454 of the Act to require State IV-D agencies to provide IV-D services to families who receive Medicaid and have assigned to the State, under section 1912 of the Act, their rights to medical support and to payment of medical care from any third party, and to provide for distribution by the State of medical support collections under section 1912 of the Act.     

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第14条关于公正审判权的规定

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第14条确立了国际社会公认的公正审判权的一般国际标准。公正审判权适用于刑事诉讼,同时也适用于民事诉讼、行政诉讼及其他可能的实际上的“诉讼案”。为实现公正审判权,人人都应享有在法庭前的平等权利、由独立和无偏倚的法庭进行审判的权利、被无罪推定的权利、在刑事审判过程中享有最低限度程序保证的权利、上诉或复审的权利、被终审误判时获得赔偿的权利和不因同一罪行受双重处罚的权利等。     

船舶承租人海事赔偿责任限制权利初探--兼评"The CMA Djakarta"轮案

1976年<海事赔偿责任限制公约>将船舶承租人归入船舶所有人,赋予责任限制权利.但是公约未明确规定承租人的范围和可限制责任的索赔.海事司法实践中,需要运用适当的法律解释方法,析明公约规定的含义、正确裁判,以实现公约目的.通过解释,公约规定的承租人应当是光船承租人、期租承租人和航次承租人等的统称.船舶所有人遭受的直接财产损失不是可限制责任的索赔,船舶承租人无权对此限制责任.船舶所有人提出的船载货物损害追偿索赔,承租人仍有权限制责任.我国<海商法>的相关规定应当作相同解释与理解.     

关于“网络问政”规范化发展问题的思考

由于沟通的零距离、零时差、快捷、互动、自由开放等特性,"网络问政"已成为党和政府体察民情、了解民意、倾听民声、汇聚民智的重要渠道,成为普通民众实现知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权的重要窗口。但"网络问政"在我国的发展还处于起步阶段,在发展过程中凸显出了一系列问题,对此,需要政府和网民多方努力,充分调动一切积极力量,使文明、理性成为网络民意的主流,从而探索公民"网络问政"的和谐有序发展之路,实现从治理到善治的升华。     

论行政诉讼制度的完善与发展——《行政诉讼法》修订之构想

现行《行政诉讼法》已远不能适应现实需要 ,其修改势在必行。《行政诉讼法》的修订目标是解决行政诉讼实践中存在的问题、实现人权公约的承诺、满足入世的要求及扩充行政诉讼的功能。在具体制度上 ,应从诉讼类型、受案范围、审级制度、当事人制度、审理程序、庭审方式、审理标准、证据规则至判决制度等方面进行全面修改。此外 ,对《行政诉讼法》的修订还需要关注制度的外围环境和配套制度的建立健全。     

“The ‘New’ Malaysian Criminal Procedure: Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act 2006”

This paper explores the reform process surrounding the recent changes to the Malaysian Code of Criminal Procedure concerning statements made to police officers, discovery, body searches, rights to legal advice and detention. The Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act 2006 was the first major piece of legislation to reform the criminal process in Malaysia for 20 years and represented an attempt not only to deal with specific problems relating to police practice and the pre-trial process, but also to single out Malaysia as a progressive state within Asia committed to the Rule of Law. The problem which this paper seeks to address, however, is that while many of the reforms appear to be a welcome attempt to protect suspects in police custody from abuse (a startling contrast to the recent legislative measures introduced in the UK as part of the “war on terror”), to better regulate police investigations and to improve the overall quality of justice administered pre-trial, a doubt lingers as to the direction of that reform and of the values guiding the criminal process. It will be argued that, without clear cultural markers, implementation of the new measures is likely to be piecemeal and previous cultural practices will continue to undermine even the best of legislative intentions.     

论作为人权的医疗卫生服务保障权

健康权的争议性首先表现在健康权概念名称的争议性上。现有健康权、医疗权、卫生保健权等概念名称上的分歧,是因为忽略了各种权利所指向的义务对象和设定的义务内容的不同。作为基本人权针对国家并使国家承担建立医疗保障体系和公共卫生服务体系、保障和促进人民健康义务的积极权利是医疗卫生服务保障权,而不是健康权或其它权利。     

Applying the Responsibility to Protect to the ‘Arab Spring’

The doctrine of the responsibility to protect, since its inception in the ICISS report of 2001, has been the subject of considerable discussion. Arguably its most publicised component is the principle that the international community has the responsibility to protect civilian populations against severe suffering where the relevant national authorities are unable or unwilling to do so. Consequently, the main focus of discourse upon the responsibility to protect has centred on its impact upon the approach of the international community to intervention in respect of situations posing considerable humanitarian crises. The events of the Arab Spring, in which full blown conflict in some states gave rise to serious human suffering, provided a real opportunity for the international community to evaluate the role of the responsibility to protect in decision-making over responding to such instances, and potentially to develop it into a practical and meaningfully implementable concept. However, due to political flaws inherent in the doctrine, and its arguably overstated significance, the doctrine at best played a minimal role in guiding the international response to developments in the Arab World. Nonetheless, responses to the Arab Spring do allow certain conclusions to be drawn in respect of the future relevance of the doctrine.     

运用市场机制配置资源是从源头上防治腐败的有效途径

通过改革和制度创新,可以最大限度地将行政机关可自由支配的权力加以约束,从而消除腐败产生的客观基础,减少腐败机会。具体而言,对于可以由市场自行调节的领域,政府应主动退出,把官员掌握的分配稀缺资源的权力降到最低限度,要最大限度地对行使这种权力的随意性加以削减。     

Deficiencies in the Development of European Criminal Law

Criminal law is beginning to outgrow the shoes which were fitted to it by European law. It is seeking to come of age, to play the role in European law previously reserved to commercial law, private law, employment law, and public law in the broadest sense. Economic knowledge and legal-political organisational interests have long grouped around 'European criminal law'; a still vaguely determined object. A desire also exists to make criminal law justiciable in Europe. Thus, the ranks of the contributions to European criminal law are swelling, European associations of lawyers are developing, legal practitioners are launching appeals3 and winning influence within European institutions. These institutions themselves are beginning to accept and to use criminal law as a political option. This article aims to (I) reflect upon the contents of this development, (II) to clarify their tendencies, and (III) to examine the contents of these premised tendencies, in order to (IV) furnish a critical evaluation.     

转型期我国政府形象塑造机制创新研究

政府形象塑造关系到政府的公信力,关系到政府对公众的亲和力与公众对政府的认同度.在传统社会向现代社会、农业社会向工业社会转型的过程中,为应对经常出现的各种突发事件,必须重视政府形象的塑造,保持对公众较强的公信力和凝聚力.也就是说,只有继续深化行政改革,强化政府的治理能力,加快公民社会建设和公民意识的培养,畅通公民参与政治的制度化渠道,才能塑造良好的现代民主政府新形象.     

诉权法理研究论纲

诉权被无故侵犯常见于报端,人们早已习以为常;而对诉权的研究则相当薄弱,学界通行的诉权定义存在不周延之处。诉权就是请求法律救济的权利,是启动与延续诉讼的权利。它是一项与诉讼权利、应诉权、公诉权有别的权利。诉权的形式有民事诉权、行政诉权、刑事诉权和宪法诉权。诉权的内容有起诉权、上诉权、反诉权、申请再审权以及申请宪法解释权和刑事自诉权等等。在法治社会,诉权是高于实在法的道德权利,是一项基本人权。在社会进化过程中,诉权实质内容不断丰富,诉权形式逐渐多样化,诉权主体走向普及,人们在诉权面前实现了平等,随之诉权地位也从习惯的权利上升为宪法的权利与基本人权。诉权的结构可以从诉权的主体、诉权的对象、诉权的义务人三方的关系中去认识。这一特殊的三角结构使诉权产生了不同于其他权利的特殊的社会功能:保障权利、控制权力、和平解决社会纠纷。     

美国加密数据的强制性披露

随着加密技术的发展,犯罪分子为了达到反取证目的,通常会给自己的电子设备加密。在美国,执法机构要搜查加密设备,将面临来自宪法第四修正案和技术限制两方面的挑战。为应对这些挑战,通常执法机构会通过传票强制被告披露密码或提交解密数据,但这又引出了宪法第五修正案的特权问题。要同时解决宪法第四与第五修正案的问题,最好的办法是将传唤解密数据与限制数据提交范围相结合。然而,一旦被告拒绝传唤,拒不提交解密数据,就有可能导致控诉失败。因此,有必要实施额外的法律机制,以弥补这一法律缺陷。