渝西地区两株鸭疫里氏杆菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

为了解重庆西部地区养鸭场鸭疫里氏杆菌血清型的分布及耐药谱,对送检的病死鸭进行了细菌学及病毒学分离鉴定;以参考菌株RA1和RA2制备血清,用玻片凝集试验及琼脂扩散试验鉴别疑似菌株的血清型;采取纸片法进行疑似菌株的药敏试验。结果显示,分离出2株血清型为1型的鸭疫里氏杆菌,分别被命名为YM1和YM2。它们对雏鸭的致病力较强,致死率分别达60%和70%;对头孢类药物、氨基糖苷类及黏杆菌素高度敏感,对四环素类、喹诺酮类、青霉素耐药。上述结果为当地鸭疫里氏杆菌病的防制提供了科学依据。     

56株食源性单增李斯特菌耐药性测定及耐药基因的检测

为调查新疆部分食源性单增李斯特菌的药物敏感性和相关耐药基因的携带现况,采用微量肉汤稀释法(MIC)和K-B琼脂扩散法对56株单增李斯特菌进行18种抗菌药物敏感性试验。通过PCR方法进行12种相关耐药基因检测,并对耐药基因进行测序分析。结果表明,28.6%(16/56)的菌株微量肉汤稀释法检测耐药,而K-B琼脂扩散法检测19.6%(11/56)菌株耐药。56株单增李斯特菌均对青霉素、氨苄西林、亚胺培能、庆大霉素、万古霉素、左氧氟沙星、利福平敏感,对四环素、复方新诺明、链霉素、强力霉素、卡那霉素耐药。微量肉汤稀释法检测发现,菌株对四环素、复方新诺明、链霉素耐药率较高,分别为12.5%(7/56)、10.7%(6/56)、10.7%(6/56),多重耐药菌株占7.1%(4/56)。在18株表型耐药菌株中,61.1%(11/18)的菌株携带相应的耐药基因,四环素类耐药基因以tetM为主,红霉素耐药基因为ermB,氯霉素素耐药基因为cat。而在38株非耐药表型菌株中,氨基糖苷类耐药基因aac(6')-Ib-cr和红霉素耐药基因ermB的检出率分别高达57.9%和39.5%。扩增片段核苷酸序列与参考序列同源性为95%～100%。新疆食源性单增李斯特菌出现耐药,且耐药表型与耐药基因不完全符合,应引起关注。     

介导鸭疫里默氏杆菌耐β-内酰胺类药物发生的研究

采用平板二倍稀释法检测了临床分离的54株耐β-内酰胺类药的鸭疫里默氏杆菌(RA)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC值),进一步开展了耐药泵表型检测、β-内酰胺酶表型和基因型检测以及脉冲电泳指纹图谱和耐药泵相关性研究.结果显示,54株RA临床分离株对苯唑西林、青霉素、头孢噻肟和头孢吡肟的耐药率分别为100%、100%、66.7%和98.15%;耐药泵抑制剂氰氯苯腙可使53株RA对β-内酰胺类药物MIC值显著下降(P＜0.01),MIC下降倍数最高达到2048倍,耐药率依次下降为88.89%、46.30%、22.22%和38.89%;54株RA的β-内酰胺酶表型和基因型检测结果均为阴性;54株RA基因组经Sma Ⅰ酶切后以82%相似性系数为界,可分为13个脉冲电泳群,同一群的不同菌株可以认为是同一菌株不同克隆亚体或突变体.Ⅱ群、Ⅲ群、Ⅶ群、Ⅷ群、Ⅺ群和Ⅻ群对头孢吡肟和V群对头孢噻肟的耐药是由耐药泵介导的,而其他群的菌株则出现了其他机制.说明,耐药泵只是介导RA对β-内酰胺类药物耐药的主要因素之一.     

禽沙门菌分离株耐药性及Ⅰ类整合子的检测

为了分析禽沙门菌临床分禽株出现多重耐药的原因,采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法对61株禽沙门菌分离株进行药敏试验筛选,通过PCR方法检测59株多重耐药沙门菌的Ⅰ类整合子的5’-CS端、3’-CS端和可变区基因并进行测序分析。药敏试验结果显示,所分离的禽沙门菌对青霉素、苯唑西林、利福平和万古霉素的耐药率均达到了100%,但对美福仙、诺氟沙星、阿米卡星、卡那霉素、氯霉素、氟苯尼考相对敏感;96.72%沙门菌能耐受6种及其以上抗菌药物,说明沙门菌的多重耐药性比例高。通过PCR及测序发现,5株禽沙门菌(8.5%)中检测到Ⅰ类整合子基因盒,包括4株雏沙门菌和1株肠炎沙门菌。序列分析结果显示,Ⅰ类整合子基因盒的核苷酸同源性达到100%;通过NCBI的BLAST分析发现,Ⅰ类整合子基因盒内含有dfr17和aad A5基因。因此,尽管禽沙门菌分离株的多重耐药性比例高,但是仅有少数菌株的耐药性与Ⅰ类整合子相关。     

克拉维酸强化的阿莫西林对致病性大肠埃希氏菌体外抑菌试验

克拉维酸是一种β-内酰胺酶抑制剂,与阿莫西林同时应用时使得通过产生β-内酰胺酶对阿莫西林耐药的大多数细菌重新成为敏感菌.对来源于鸡、猪的共31株致病性大肠埃希氏菌最小抑菌浓度(MIC)测定表明,70%以上菌株对阿莫西林耐药;克拉维酸与阿莫西林联合使用使MIC显著下降;与单一使用阿莫西林相比,头孢氨苄青霉素对大多数分离菌的MIC较低.     

鸡源致病性沙门氏菌新近分离株的耐药性与耐药基因

为了了解河南省鸡源沙门氏菌新近分离株的药物敏感性和耐药基因的存在情况,为进一步研究细菌耐药的分子机制和新型抗菌药物的研制提供资料,利用K-B法检测了98株鸡源沙门氏菌对22种药物的敏感性,采用PCR方法检测了13种常见耐药基因在分离株中的分布情况。结果显示,所有菌株对红霉素、青霉素、阿齐霉素和氨苄西林的耐药率均在60%～100%之间。三重以上耐药的菌株高达96.94%,七重以上耐药的菌株为56.12%,耐药最多的菌株可耐受18种抗生素。从13种常见耐药基因中扩增到3种四环素类、2种氨基糖苷类、2种β-内酰胺类、1种氯霉素类和3种磺胺类耐药基因。研究表明,沙门氏菌极易产生耐药性,耐药基因广泛存在于耐药菌株中,但耐药表型与耐药基因之间无绝对相关性。     

猪场环境中大肠杆菌的耐药性检测及其耐药机理

为探讨猪场环境中大肠杆菌的耐药性及其耐药机理,随机选取从规模养猪场环境中分离的31株大肠杆菌,采用药敏纸片法检测其耐药性、PCR法检测其qnrA和aac(6’)-Ib基因存在状况,然后采用高温-SDS法对其中1株分离菌进行耐药质粒消除试验。结果显示,所分离的31株大肠杆菌对青霉素、四环素、洁霉素、红霉素、罗红霉素等抗生素呈现不同程度的耐药性;在所有试验菌株中未检出qnrA基因,而可检出aac(6’)-Ib基因的有8株;通过对含aac(6’)-Ib基因质粒的消除,分离菌株可获得对氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类抗生素的敏感性。表明猪场环境中的大肠杆菌对临床常用药物产生了广泛的耐药性,而含aac(6’)-Ib基因质粒可介导环境中的大肠杆菌对氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类抗生素耐药。     

广东地区副猪嗜血杆菌的耐药性调查及遗传相关性分析

对广东地区分离的副猪嗜血杆菌进行耐药性调查以及遗传相关性分析,以获得临床分离株的耐药性特征和耐药菌的传播扩散机制。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定了95株副猪嗜血杆菌对临床常用的18种抗菌药物的敏感性。用PC R方法检测6类抗生素耐药基因的携带情况,并运用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFG E)对携带相关耐药基因的菌株进行遗传相关性分析。结果表明,所有测试菌株对头孢噻呋和头孢噻肟均表现出较好的敏感性;对左氧氟沙星、红霉素、氟苯尼考和青霉素敏感性下降,耐药率分别为3.2%、5.3%、7.4%和13.7%。同时也检测到较高的耐药水平,对甲氧苄啶+磺胺甲噁唑、恩诺沙星和头孢克洛的耐药率分别为83.2%、46.3%和36.8%;对四环素(23.2%)、氨苄西林(22.1%)、庆大霉素(21.1%)和环丙沙星(20.0%)表现为中等水平的耐药。在95株菌中,26株菌(27.4%)携带有耐药基因,共检出5种耐药基因,检出率依次为tet(B)(21.1%)、aph(3′)-Ⅰ(9.5%)、sul2(9.5%)、aad A 1(8.4%)和blaROB-1(6.3%),其中15株菌同时携带有2个以上的耐药基因。在这些耐药基因阳性菌中,PFGE分析结果显示出遗传背景的多样性,同时,也观察到小范围的克隆。     

安徽鸡源大肠杆菌整合子-基因盒分布及同源性分析

参照CLSI推荐的微量肉汤稀释法检测了15种抗菌药物对91株鸡源大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),采用PCR方法检测其整合子-基因盒的分布情况,并用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析大肠杆菌的同源性。结果显示,91株大肠杆菌对15种抗菌药物的耐药率为3.3%~98.9%,且全部为四重耐药以上,多重耐药率为100%。91株大肠杆菌全部携带Ⅰ型整合子,其中70株带有编码耐氨基糖苷类和磺胺类药物的基因盒,分别是dfr A1+tnp A IS26+aad A1(45/70),dfr A12+aad A2(16/70)和dfr A1+aad A1(9/70),未检出Ⅱ型整合子。PFGE分型图谱显示,91株大肠杆菌共产生63个谱型,菌株之间的相似系数为30%~100%,31种谱型的同源性高达90%以上。其中41种带型只包含1株菌,其余22种带型包含菌株数为2~4株。结果表明,安徽合肥地区鸡源大肠杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药性较高,Ⅰ型整合子分布广泛,菌株基因分布呈多态性但同源性较高。     

复方蒲公英对金黄色葡萄球菌耐药质粒的体外消除试验

通过以复方蒲公英注射液为消除剂、十二烷基硫酸钠为对照组消除剂,以从患有乳腺炎乳牛的乳汁中分离的多重耐药菌株为靶细菌进行耐药质粒体外消除试验,用质粒DNA抽提与琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法观察复方蒲公英注射液对该耐药菌株质粒的影响,探讨了复方蒲公英注射液作为消除剂的可能性。结果显示,复方蒲公英注射液对耐药金黄色葡萄球菌作用24h,其1/2MIC、1/4MIC、1/8MIC的消除率分别为2%、2.6%、3.6%,延长作用时间至48h,其1/2MIC、1/4MIC、1/8MIC的消除率分别为2.8%、3.6%、4.4%。证实,复方蒲公英注射液对金黄色葡萄球菌耐药质粒有消除作用,可用于临床治疗耐药金黄色葡萄球感染。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.     

My Journey to Artistic Peak

正I was born in a doctor’s family in a village in Heze,Shandong Province.Since the ancient times,Heze has been home to many painters and literature masters due to the influence of Confucianism.My grandfather and greatgrandfather were both good at calligraphy,not least to mention their medical skills.Even by now,senior people in our village still praise them for it.Both of them had deceased before I was born.     

Sidelights on Australian and New Zealand's Rotary Club Delegation's Visit to China

正At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 6-member Australian and New Zealand’s Rotary Club delegation visited China from September 23 to September 27.As a staff member of CAFIU,I had the honor to take part in the reception of the delegation throughout this trip.