A novel method for cyanide quantification in human whole blood using ion chromatography with amperometric detection and its application to cyanide intoxication cases

Cyanide is a highly toxic agent that has been frequently used for suicide in South Korea. It is also used in various industrial fields, such as metal plating, in which many accidental cyanide intoxications have occurred. To overcome the disadvantages of conventional cyanide analysis methods, a simple and fast method for the analysis of cyanide in whole blood using ion chromatography (IC) with amperometric detection was developed in this study. Whole blood samples were deproteinized, diluted, and analyzed using an IC–amperometric detection system. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. The method showed good linearity in the range of 0.2 to 50 mg/L with R² > 0.99. The intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy values were <10%. The established method was successfully applied to analyze whole blood samples from three cyanide intoxication cases.     

The Stability of 4-Chloromethcathinone in Blood and Vitreous Humor

We present results of our study on the stability of 4-chloromethcathinone (4-CMC) in authentic postmortem peripheral blood and vitreous humor samples. The stability of 4-CMC was determined in postmortem blood samples (for a period of 90 days) and vitreous humor (30 days) at three different temperatures: −15°C, +4°C, and + 23°C. The analyses were carried out using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). In both materials, the lowest 4-CMC stability was demonstrated at room temperature. The blood samples stored in a freezer (−15°C) showed stability for the entire study period (90 days), while in the case of the vitreous humor sample stored at the same temperature the concentration of the substance decreased by 53% after 30 days. The study carried out in authentic postmortem blood and vitreous humor samples confirms the previous reports of 4-CMC instability in biological material. Authors suggest that the biological material should be stored frozen until analyses are carried out as soon as possible after collection of the material.     

MDMA的死后再分布及其机制

对MDMA死后再分布及其发生机制进行的动物实验和案例研究的文献,阐述MDMA死后心血浓度升高、死后通过胃肠道和气管内MDMA的再分布、MDMA在死后代谢再分布中的作用,以及死后再分布的发生机制与死后血液流动、顺浓度梯度扩散、毒物的代谢等有关的问题。     

超声提取法在固体毒物检材前处理中的作用

针对实际办案中检材中毒物含量很低时不易检验的问题进行了研究,探索出一种固体检材前处理的超声提取法,能够很好地解决这一问题。本方法具有操作简单,检材用量小,提取效果好、省时省费用的优点。     

8例利多卡因过敏性休克死的血药浓度分析

目的研究利多卡因过敏性休克死者利多卡因血药浓度及其与死因的关系。方法采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),分别对使用利多卡因麻醉术中各项指标均正常的8例术中因利多卡因过敏性休克死者的血液和11例顺利完成手术患者的血液进行利多卡因浓度的检测,对比分析两者结果。结果 8例死者利多卡因血药浓度(1．61mg± 0．45mg／L)低于11例正常患者利多卡因血药浓度(2．44mg±0．47mg／L)。结论利多卡因过敏性休克死者血药浓度在正常值范围内,与发生过敏性休克致死无关。     

甲维盐中毒死亡小鼠体内的分布及死后再分布

目的研究甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(简称甲维盐)中毒死亡小鼠的致死血浓度、靶器官组织、毒物蓄积库和死后毒物再分布的特征。方法采用灌胃法建立中毒小鼠模型,动态观察急性中毒组、亚急性中毒组小鼠的主要中毒症状和临床死亡时间。观察中毒死后小鼠各器官组织病理形态学改变,应用酶联免疫吸附试验测定死后0、24、48、72h甲维盐体内分布及死后再分布,采用高效液相色谱法测定中毒小鼠的致死血浓度和死后各时间点的血中甲维盐浓度。结果中毒小鼠均在灌胃后15~30 min内依次出现神经、呼吸系统症状。急性中毒组小鼠的临床死亡时间为(45.8±7.9)min,亚急性中毒组为(8.0±1.4)d。甲维盐的急性致死血浓度范围为447.164 0~524.463 5 mg/L。光镜及荧光显微镜下各器官组织均见明显的病理改变;小鼠中毒死后72 h内,血、心、肝、脾、肺、肾及脑甲维盐浓度变化具有规律性(P0.05)。结论甲维盐中毒作用的主要靶器官为心、肝、肾、肺、脑和接触部位(胃),其主要蓄积库为肾、肝,甲维盐在小鼠体内存在死后再分布现象。     

甲基苯丙胺心肌毒性的研究进展

甲基苯丙胺(MA)是近年来在我国公共场所流行滥用的成瘾性药物,俗称"冰毒"。目前实验研究发现,MA对人体多个系统都具有毒性作用,其中对心血管系统的毒性损害作用较为显著。临床表现上,MA中毒主要导致了以心率和血压改变为特异性表现的一系列症状,以及继发的心脏结构改变所导致的心脏损害;病理学上,MA中毒导致了心肌坏死、心肌间质炎细胞增多、心肌纤维化、心肌梗死等。法医学研究中,发现了MA急性中毒导致死亡的主要原因是MA引起的心律失常和室颤,慢性中毒的死因较多,以MA慢性中毒导致高血压、心肌病、心肌梗死等为主。MA中毒的心肌毒性的分子机制表现为心肌内多种蛋白质表达的改变。目前MA心肌毒性的机制研究较多,但仍未完全查明。本文通过对近年来MA心肌毒性研究现状进行综述,为后续研究提供参考。     

Cloud point extraction coupled with back extraction: a green methodology in analytical chemistry

Recently, cloud point extraction (CPE) coupled with back extraction (BE) has been suggested as a promising alternative to liquid-liquid extraction. In CPE, non-ionic surfactants in aqueous solutions form micelles and the solution becomes turbid when heated to the cloud point temperature. Microwave- or ultrasonic-assisted BE can be performed after CPE and before injection of the sample for instrumental analysis by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This article reviews selected published scientific research on the application of CPE-BE to the determination of alkaloids, drugs and organophosphorus compounds from several complex matrices. This method could be scaled-up for use in forensic science.     

3种哌嗪类药物滥用研究进展

哌嗪类药物N-苄基哌嗪(BZP)、1-(3-氯苯基)哌嗪(mCPP)、1-(3-三氟甲基苯基)哌嗪(TFMPP)具有与MDMA相似的兴奋作用和致幻作用,成了迷幻药的替代品,在各国滥用的报道逐年增多。本文综述了3种哌嗪类药物在各国的管制、滥用情况、毒理作用、检测方法,希望为司法部门打击此类药物犯罪提供参考和借鉴。     

氯氮平在家兔体内死后再分布规律研究

目的阐明死后48h内家兔体内氯氮平再分布规律,为相关法医鉴定工作提供借鉴。方法取家兔15只,随机分为5组,以氯氮平灌胃,分别于死后0、6、12、24、48h取心血、外周静脉血、尿液、肝组织检测氯氮平浓度。结果家兔死亡后心血、外周静脉血、肝脏氯氮平浓度不断升高,尿液氯氮平浓度不断降低;死后早期浓度变化率大于晚期浓度变化率。死后48h心血、外周静脉血、肝脏、尿液氯氮平浓度分别为死后0h各检材氯氮平浓度的418%、193%、154%和29%。结论死亡一段时间后,提取生物检材,检测出的氯氮平浓度并不能准确反映刚死时的实际浓度。