禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1成熟外膜蛋白H重组亚单位设苗免疫效果的研究

将融合表达禽多杀性巴氏杆菌成熟外膜蛋白H(OmpmH)的重组菌pGEX-ompmH/BL21大量培养,在最佳诱导条件下诱导表达,表达产物经蛋白酶剪切及亲和层析纯化,得到OmpmH基因的原核表达产物,将其与弗氏完全佐剂混合制成油乳剂亚单位疫苗,用该疫苗肌肉注射接种5周龄鸡,首免后每周采血检测抗体,二免后第2周用10 LD50禽多杀性巴氏杆菌强毒菌株C48-1进行攻击.结果显示,OmpmH具有良好的免疫原性,能诱导鸡体产生特异性抗体,可抵抗强毒菌株C48-1的致死性攻击,免疫效果优于禽多杀性巴氏杆菌弱毒疫苗.     

鸡IL-18对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌DNA疫苗的免疫佐剂作用

为了探索鸡IL-18在禽多杀性巴氏杆菌H基因DNA疫苗中的免疫佐剂作用,分别用共表达鸡IL-18基因和禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1H基因的DNA疫苗、鸡IL-18真核表达质粒pcDNA3/cIL-18与禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1H基因的DNA疫苗混合物、禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1H基因的DNA疫苗肌肉注射5周龄鸡,首免后每周采取外周血及外周抗凝血,应用ELISA和MTT法分别检测免疫鸡的体液免疫及细胞免疫水平。二免后第2周用10 LD50禽多杀性巴氏杆菌强毒菌株C48-1进行攻击。结果鸡IL-18能够明显增强禽多杀性巴氏杆菌H基因DNA疫苗的免疫原性,显著提高免疫鸡的体液免疫和细胞免疫水平,并且鸡IL-18与禽多杀性巴氏杆菌H基因共表达时的免疫佐剂作用最强,能强有力地抵抗强毒菌株C48-1的致死性攻击。结果表明,鸡IL-18可作为DNA疫苗的一种理想的免疫佐剂。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌外膜蛋白单价DNA疫苗及融合DNA疫苗的免疫效果分析

为探讨禽多杀性巴氏杆菌omph和ompa基因单价DNA疫苗及融合DNA疫苗的免疫效果,利用PCR技术扩增了禽多杀性巴氏杆菌omph和ompa基因片段,并克隆入pcDNA3.1(+),构建了DNA疫苗pcDNA-OMPH(pOMPH)、pcDNA-OMPA(pOMPA)和pcDNA-OMPH/OMPA(pOMPHA),将其体外转染SP2/0细胞,用间接免疫荧光试验检测其表达情况。同时以弱毒活疫苗作为阳性对照,pcDNA3.1(+)和PBS作为阴性对照,分别免疫4周龄鸡,检测血清特异性抗体水平、外周血淋巴细胞增殖情况和IFN-γ分泌情况,经强毒攻击后计算各疫苗的保护率。结果显示,融合DNA疫苗组血清抗体水平与弱毒活疫苗相当,明显高于单价DNA疫苗(P<0.05);pOMPHA组的刺激值(SI值)和IFN-γ分泌水平显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),单价DNA疫苗组略高于弱毒活疫苗组;强毒攻击后各DNA疫苗均可为动物提供一定的保护力,其中融合DNA疫苗的保护率最高,可达86.7%,其次为弱毒活疫苗,为73.3%,而单价DNA疫苗则低于弱毒活疫苗,仅为60%和66.7%。结果表明,DNA疫苗尤其是融合DNA疫苗在预防禽多杀性巴氏杆菌病(禽霍乱)方面具有较好的应用前景。     

间接血凝试验检测鸡血清中多杀性巴氏杆菌抗体

近几年来,国内外对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pas-teurella multocida)的免疫应答研究表明,体液免疫和细胞免疫在抵抗巴氏杆菌的再感染均有重要的作用。并应用试管凝集反应、间接血凝(IHA)、酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)等检测多杀性巴氏杆菌免疫后鸡和火鸡的血清抗体,并认为此3种方法所检出的抗体滴度与对抗强毒的保护作用一致。本研究优化了检测鸡血清抗体的IHA试验及抗原制备的条件,并比较了IHA滴度与攻毒保护的关系。(一)材料和方法1.菌种:中国兽医药品监察所保藏的C_(48)-1强毒菌株,用前通过小白鼠3代,鸡1代复壮,然后接种于血液马丁肉汤或血液马丁琼脂培养,培养移植不超过3次,菌液10~(-8)稀释0.1ml(含2～     

牦牛源多杀性巴氏杆菌外膜蛋白OmpH和OmpA重组亚单位疫苗对小鼠的免疫效果

为分析牦牛源多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella multocida)外膜蛋白H(OmpH)和外膜蛋白A(Om-pA)的免疫效果,构建了牦牛源多杀性巴氏杆菌OmpH和OmpA的原核表达载体pET-28a-OmpH和pET-28a-OmpA,表达并纯化重组外膜蛋白H(rOmpH)和重组外膜蛋白A(rOmpA),制备相应的单价疫苗和二价疫苗(rOmpH-A)以及全菌灭活疫苗,以PBS作为对照,皮下免疫小鼠。首免后每周采血1次,用间接ELISA检测抗体动态变化,并于三免后第9天用2LD50的分离菌株进行攻毒,比较保护力。结果,各试验组均能产生特异性抗体,全菌灭活组和rOmpA组小鼠的存活率分别为80%、40%,而rOmpH组、rOmpH-A组小鼠全部死亡,rOmpH和rOmpH-A组仅推迟小鼠死亡的时间,说明保护力微弱,不能抵抗同源菌株的致死性攻击。结果表明,rOmpA蛋白具有保护力,而rOmpH不具有保护力。     

鸭源大肠杆菌与多杀性巴氏杆菌融合菌株DB4免疫原性的研究

本研究旨在评价融合菌株DB4的免疫原性以及对亲本大肠杆菌ZYD2(O78)株、亲本多杀性巴氏杆菌YB2(5∶A)株的攻毒保护力。制作DB4蜂胶灭活疫苗分为一免组、二免组对鸭进行免疫,对两组鸭的血清抗体效价、IL-4和IFN-γ水平、外周血淋巴细胞增殖活性、白细胞吞噬活性进行测定,并于首免后2周以大肠杆菌ZYD2(O78)、多杀性巴氏杆菌YB2(5∶A)攻毒。结果显示,DB4能够诱导鸭产生两种亲本抗体,效价达1∶29、1∶28,同时能刺激淋巴细胞增殖活性和白细胞吞噬活性,免疫后刺激指数增加3倍,与对照组差异显著(P0.05),白细胞吞噬率升高30%,血清中IL-4和IFN-γ含量分别高于对照组33.5、12.5 ng/L,可抵抗亲本菌株的攻击,保护率80%,表明DB4具有良好的免疫原性,可应用于研制大肠杆菌和多杀性巴氏杆菌二联疫苗。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌交叉保护因子的研究

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌交叉保护因子存在活鸡体培养物中。本文用鸡 活体培养禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C_(48-1)强毒株(血清1型),在菌血症时采血经 差速离心收获细菌,制成的死菌苗对异型菌株C_(44-42)(血清3型)和P_(1059) (血清3型)攻毒产生交叉保护作用。而41℃肉汤培养的C_(48-1)菌株则不具有这种交叉保护作用。 活体培养的细菌经冻融、溶菌酶、透明质酸酶、DN_(ase)、EDTA、Triton X-100等处理溶解后,细菌溶解物对异型菌株保护率达100％,而其溶解物的上清和沉淀时异型菌株保护率也达66.7％及80％。而溶解物沉淀经蛋白酶处理后,则失去了交叉保护能力,说明产生交叉保护作用的交叉保护因子(CPF)可能是蛋白质。 生化分析表明,活体培养的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌和肉汤培养的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌其物质含量是不同的。活体培养的细菌溶解物含CPF,其蛋白与糖含量比(P/C)为3.97:1,而肉汤培养的细菌P/C为1.01:1。SDS-PAGE分析表明,有一分子量在17200～30000之间的蛋白成分仅存在于活体培养的细菌中,经测算其分子量大约为19320。这些研究表明,分子量为19320的蛋白质可能就是存在于活体培养物中的交叉保护因子。     

多杀性巴氏杆菌prfA基因的序列分析与原核表达

为探索多杀性巴氏杆菌的致病机理,采用PCR方法分别扩增了家兔源和禽源多杀性巴氏杆菌C51-17、Pm898、Pm8916、Pm901、Pm9616、PmZM、PmQin菌株的prfA基因,并对其进行序列分析。将C51-17株的prfA基因克隆到质粒pET30a中,将重组表达载体pET30a-prfA转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS感受态细胞中,经IPTG诱导表达,进行SDS-PAGE分析和Western-blot分析。结果显示,这7株菌株与GenBank登录的3株多杀性巴氏杆菌之间prfA基因在核苷酸水平上的同源性为95.6%~100%,在氨基酸水平上的同源性为98.9%~100%。诱导表达的重组蛋白PrfA的分子质量约为45.6ku,与预期的大小一致,以可溶性形式表达。重组蛋白PrfA可与家兔抗多杀性巴氏杆菌阳性血清反应,具有良好的反应原性。     

牦牛源多杀性巴氏杆菌外膜蛋白H重组亚单位疫苗对小鼠的免疫保护效果

为分析牦牛源多杀性巴氏杆菌外膜蛋白H的免疫保护效果,将纯化的牦牛源多杀性巴氏杆菌重组外膜蛋白H(rOmpH)制备成疫苗,用该重组疫苗和全菌灭活疫苗皮下免疫小鼠。首免后每周采血1次,用间接ELISA方法检测其抗体动态变化,并于三免后第9天用2LD50的分离株进行攻毒,比较两者的保护力。结果显示,全菌灭活疫苗组小鼠30h后死亡率为20%,重组疫苗组小鼠30h后100%死亡,PBS对照组小鼠24h后100%死亡。结果表明,全菌灭活疫苗具有保护力,而重组蛋白疫苗保护性微弱。     

牛A型多杀性巴氏杆菌三聚体自转运蛋白免疫保护性的研究

为研究多杀性巴氏杆菌三聚体自转运蛋白(TAAs)的免疫保护效果,在对牛A型多杀性巴氏杆菌Pm CQ2株假定TAAs编码基因Pm1g0001的黏附基序分析基础上,对其黏附基序进行PCR扩增,并与质粒p ET-32a(+)连接,将重组质粒转入BL21(DE3)诱导表达获得重组蛋白,纯化后与佐剂混合免疫小鼠,三免后收集小鼠血清检测抗体效价,并用Pm CQ2菌液进行攻毒保护性试验。结果显示,Pm1g0001的黏附基序具有TAAs的典型结构,重组蛋白r Pm1g0001免疫小鼠后可以刺激机体产生高效价抗体,对Pm CQ2的保护率达60%,具有良好的免疫保护效果,提示牛A型多杀性巴氏杆菌三聚体自转运蛋白可以作为研究新型亚单位疫苗的候选靶标。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.