公共利益之概念辨析

公共利益与个人利益是辨证统一的:公共利益由个人利益组成,是个人利益的总和,个人利益反映和体现着公共利益;公共利益与国家利益具有重合性,在市民社会与政治国家融合的背景下,两种利益应是相同的;社会利益、社会公共利益更是与公共利益所指相同,不过是不同法律文本中的不同措辞,反映了不同的价值倾向。     

论公共利益与私有财产权保护

公共利益需要构成限制私有财产权的理由。保护私有财产权,必须防止公共利益的无限扩张及公共利益的误用与滥用。要正确认识和处理公共利益与个人利益的关系,遵循利益衡量原则、比例原则和信赖保护原则,协调好公共利益与个人利益的冲突,并借助于宪法解释制度明确公共利益的涵义,通过具体立法界定公共利益的范围,建立违宪审查制度,保障公共利益设定的合宪性。     

现代行政法的理论基础——公共利益与个体利益协调论

公共利益与个体利益协调论是指 :行政法通过对行政权力和公民个人权利的合理配置 ,使行政机关和公民的利益在行政权行使过程中都能得到充分反映 ,从而达到公共利益与个人利益的协调状态。这一理论较之平衡论、公共利益本位论、控权论和管理论有较大合理性。为实现公共利益与个体利益的协调 ,必须完善行政程序 ,尤其是在行政立法环节应对二者有充分的考虑。     

试论行政法利益平衡功能

利益可以分为国家利益、社会利益和个人利益。国家利益与社会利益可以统称为公共利益。个人利益与公共利益之间存在冲突的现实性。行政法律制度的一个重要功能就在于协调国家、社会、个人三者之间的利益于一个良性的法律和社会秩序之中。     

论公共利益概念的界定

我国宪法上的公共利益是专门针对征收 (征用 )条款而言的。但是 ,从实际的立法看 ,公共利益在普通立法上使用极为广泛 ,并不局限于征收 (征用 )领域。公共利益这一概念最特别之处在于其不确定性 ,是典型的不确定法律概念。这种不确定性 ,可以表现在其利益内容的不确定性和受益对象的不确定性两个方面。由于公共利益主张者的缺位以及主张者的不保险性 ,由法律来确认或形成客观的公共利益成为法治社会的普遍做法。要正确界定公共利益这一概念 ,必须厘清公共利益与国家的利益、社会的利益、集体的利益 ,以及与公共秩序、社会秩序、国家安全、社会治安等概念间的关系     

论我国公益诉讼的构建

随着我国社会主义事业建设的不断进行,社会利益朝着多极化发展,国家利益、公共利益、个人利益都会受到不同程度的挑战,个人利益受到侵害有专门的实体法和程序法保护,而国家利益、公共利益受到侵害后却没有良好的救济机制。和谐社会的核心要件应该是利益协调和安定有序,尤其是社会公共利益与其他各种利益的协调与平衡。所以本文在我国建立和谐社会的背景下对公益诉讼的构建展开论述,力求通过完善司法,建立个人、公共、国家利益保护的良好机制。     

论私有财产权公法保护之价值取向

利益的冲突和协调是社会的常态。法律所调整的社会关系本质上是一种利益关系,利益平衡是法的价值取向。作为个人利益重要组成部分的私有财产权与公共利益之间是冲突和协作的关系。从历史角度看,西方国家和中国的公法都呈现出在保护私有财产权与保护公共利益之间寻求合理平衡的趋势。通过树立私有财产与公共利益平等保护的观念,在宪法中明确宣告对私有财产权的不可侵犯性,重点健全对行政权的规范和制约机制等,以实现私有财产权与公共利益之间的动态平衡。     

在我国行政诉讼中建立调解制度的实践需要及理论可行性分析

行政诉讼中引入调解制度是为了保护公共利益和个人利益,力求达到这两者利益之间的结合点.只要调解在法律规定的适用范围内能够依法合理地运用,就能够使公共利益与个人利益在平衡状态下达到双赢.     

行政法视域中利益结构的个案解析——以单双号限行措施为样本

在行政法的语境和利益分析方法的运用下,公共利益——个人利益的利益结构是单双号限行措施利益关系的主线。首先,部分社会成员为了公共利益——路畅天蓝而让渡出自己的个人利益——机动车使用权益;其次,基于这种利益让渡,公共利益代表者应该给予公正的相应补偿,这表现为减征税费等惠民措施;最后,限行措施背后的利益结构应体现比例原则之精神,以手段与目的、私益与公益之间的合比例性为根本的追求。     

论立法政策取向与利益衡量

立法政策是立法者对特定行为所作的决策,表明了立法者对该行为的态度。立法政策的确立,必须对行为所涉及的各种利益进行衡量,力求在保障社会公共利益的前提下,也平衡其他利益,使社会的利益总量达到最大化。本文使用利益结构分析方法对利益取舍做出衡量,为确定立法政策提供一种新的思路。     

流浪乞讨与管制--从贫困救助看中央与地方权限的界定

随着《收容遣送办法》的废止,个人自由权利与社会治安秩序之间的现实冲突比过去更为突显。应转变中央和地方关系的传统思维,在允许地方更多自主权和选择权的同时,更充分地保障公民个人的宪法基本权利。无论是中央和地方关系的法律界定,还是公民权利的宪法保障,都要求建立独立的司法机构以审查地方立法的有效性。     

当前广东拐卖妇女儿童犯罪的特点、原因及对策

近年来,广东一些地区拐卖妇女儿童犯罪屡禁不绝,愈演愈烈.拐卖妇女儿童犯罪是一种十分野蛮的犯罪活动,它严重侵害了妇女儿童最基本的人身权利,极大地危害了社会秩序,败坏了社会风气.本文通过分析其犯罪特点及原因,进一步提出相应对策.     

Up and Down,Old and New: Values and Value Systems of MPs and Voters in France

MPs are often criticised as being homogeneous. This is well known in terms of social background or gender, but the criticism also holds for values and norms. MPs are said to share normative agreements on the essential points and demonstrate differences on second-order issues. This criticism is even more widespread regarding the new politics based on the cultural divide, notably vis-à-vis politicians from the extreme right as far as immigration, European integration or globalisation are concerned. In this contribution, these criticisms are addressed by investigating the degree of normative agreements and disagreements of French MPs. Furthermore, the differences both in old and new politics between MPs on the one hand and the electorate as a whole and their supporters on the other hand are evaluated. It is concluded that MPs are definitely not all the same and the degrees of difference among MPs or with the electorate are far from being those expected.     

Elderly widows and widowers and their coresidents in late 19th- and early 20th-century England and Wales

This article examines the family and household patterns of widowers and widows in England and Wales between 1891 and 1921 in terms of the proportion of widowers and widows who lived with never- or ever-married children, servants, or inmates, with nonrelatives only, or on their own. The absence of marked change between 1891 and 1921 in the frequency with which elderly widowers and widows lived with a married or never-married child are in line with the Laslett [J. Fam. Hist. 12 (1987) 263.] expectation that family patterns evolve only slowly, certainly much slower than the forces of political and economic change. Where changes can be detected, as in the decline in frequency of coresidence with servants or inmates, these changes were experienced by the younger as well as the older widowed and by married people. Apparently, the residence patterns of the elderly widowed changed due to the introduction of means-tested old-age pensions in 1910. A second investigated is the extent to which the socioeconomic environment influenced the residence patterns of the widowed in a given time period. The effect in general proves to be weak with little difference between one environment and another in the frequency with which widowers coresided with their children and evidence of gender balancing of the household (relatively more widows living with sons and more widowers with daughters) visible only in agricultural environments.     

论抵押与留置担保权的竞合条件及其效力

抵押权与留置权在同一标的物并存的情况下,哪一个应优先受偿的问题,是一个重要然而在法律中尚未明确的问题。本文提出并论证了抵押权与留置权在同一标的上竞合而主体不同的状态下,留置权应优先于抵押权受偿的观点。     

Crime Volume and Law and Order Culture

The literature on public opinion about crime and justice has neglected the exploration of macro‐ or community‐level influences on individual‐level attitudes. A key macrofactor that may be related to individual level attitudes is the volume of violent crime. High crime rates can facilitate the development of a culture of “law and order,” a response that may be a practical or instrumental attempt to control crime. The present paper tests the hypothesis that persons residing in nations marked by a high volume of crime will be more likely to adhere to elements of a law and order culture. It employs data from the International Social Science Program (N = 15,024). Controls are taken from major theoretical perspectives on public opinion about crime as well as demographic factors. The results from a hierarchical linear model support the hypothesis that individuals residing in nations with high crime rates are more likely than others to support law and order ideologies. The findings extend the support for this relationship from research based on the US alone to other industrialized societies.     

Habermas and Deleuze on Law and Adjudication

This article stages an encounter between Habermas and Deleuze on law, rights, and adjudication. Most of the article is spent developing Habermas’s concept of adjudication as the application of communicatively generated norms. This application, I argue, involves a complex temporality that is at once retrospective and non-creative. Deleuze is used to critique this concept of adjudication in favor of one based on concrete situations and the creation of new problems. In so doing, I will develop Deleuze’s notorious, and notoriously hostile, remarks on human rights and philosophies of communication by relating them to discourse ethics and to the positive conception of law and judgment that can be drawn from his work.

全球化与法理学的变革和更新

全球化进程深刻地改变着法的存在方式、价值取向和发展方向 ,也必然引起法理学的理论变革与更新。本文以法律本体论、法律价值观、法律人格观、法律发展观、法治观等五个法理学的基本论题为主题 ,分析或展望全球化所可能引起的法理学的理论变革和更新。     

Implementing and evaluating crime prevention and control programs and policies

The history of crime prevention and control efforts in the United States has demonstrated little progressive improvement in our ability to deter crime. The major obstacles to implementing effective interventions and policies have been a weak scientific knowledge base about how to prevent crime, the research community's inability to effectively disseminate what is known about the causes of crime and to translate this knowledge into operational programs and policies, and a resistance on the part of practitioners and policy makers to evaluate programs and policies and to use this information in the development of new programs and policies. In the last decade, there have been major advances in our understanding about the causes of crime and we have now demonstrated the effectiveness of selected prevention programs. But there is little evidence that this scientific knowledge is informing current practice or policy. Problems in the dissemination of this information and the resistance to utilizing it remain. These problems are discussed and suggestions are made for addressing them. Our knowledge base remains modest, but it is now sufficient to inform policy and practice. The research community must work to do a better job of disseminating this information and overcoming the resistance to utilizing it before we will be successful in implementing effective crime prevention programs and policies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.