鸡传染性腔上囊病病毒VP2基因在昆虫细胞中的表达

为了深入研究鸡传染性腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)VP2基因的结构和功能,利用Bac-to-Bac系统研制出含有VP2基因的重组杆状病毒rBac-VP2,将rBac-VP2感染Sf9细胞,并用抗IBDVVP2特异性单克隆抗体经间接免疫荧光试验检测,证实感染重组病毒Sf9细胞能高效表达IBDVVP2基因产物;Western-blotting分析结果表明,VP2基因表达产物的分子质量约为40 ku。     

传染性腔上囊病病毒HN01超强毒株VP2基因的克隆和序列分析

根据GenBank中登录的传染性腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)标准强毒株52-70株基因组序列,设计并合成了1对扩增IBDV VP2基因的特异性引物.以IBDV超强毒分离株HN01感染发病鸡腔上囊组织中提取的病毒RNA为模板,用RT-PCR扩增出了1.45 kb的cDNA产物,将扩增的IBDV HN01株VP2基因克隆于pMD 18-T载体上,获得了pMD 18-T-VP2重组质粒.将IBDV HN01株 VP2基因序列测定结果与已发表的其他IBDV毒株VP2基因序列进行分析比较,绘出系统进化树.结果表明,HN01株与欧洲超强毒株UK661、日本超强毒株OKYM、香港超强毒株HK46等非常相似,而与经典强毒株、弱毒株和变异株相差较大.     

引起免疫失败的传染性腔上囊病病毒VP2基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

将从安徽省传染性腔上囊病(IBD)免疫失败的病鸡腔上囊组织中扩增的VP2基因定向克隆入原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,构建了原核表达质粒pGEX-VP2,并转化大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3);经IPTG诱导后,用IBDV双抗体夹心ELISA检测,结果呈阳性反应;SDS-PAGE分析结果显示,重组VP2融合蛋白的分子质量为68ku,表达量约占菌体总蛋白量的16.0%,表达产物主要以包涵体形式存在于菌体内;Western-blotting结果显示,重组VP2蛋白与IBDV抗体发生反应,形成一条特异性蛋白带,表明获得的重组蛋白具有良好的抗原反应性。     

脑心肌炎病毒VP1基因重组腺病毒的构建及对小鼠免疫效果的研究

为构建脑心肌炎病毒(EM CV)VP1基因的重组腺病毒,以期为EMCV疫苗研制提供试验依据。扩增EMCV VP1基因并与载体p Yr-adshuttle-4连接构建p Yr-ads-4-VP1穿梭载体;穿梭质粒通过体外重组与腺病毒载体进行重组,获得p Ad-VP1-EG FP重组腺病毒载体,将此载体于H EK 293细胞中包装最终成功获得r Ad-VP1-EGFP重组腺病毒,并测定其TCID50;构建的重组腺病毒感染细胞后在基因水平、蛋白水平对VP1进行检测;最后通过对小鼠免疫重组腺病毒后进行EMCV攻毒试验,验证其免疫效果。结果显示,成功构建了EMCV VP1基因重组腺病毒r Ad-VP1-EGFP,测得其TCID50为10-8.5/m L;感染细胞后基因水平及蛋白水平均可检测到VP1基因的表达;重组腺病毒免疫小鼠后的存活情况表明,重组腺病毒对小鼠有较好的免疫效果,且二次免疫后保护率显著高于单次免疫。结果表明,本试验成功制备了EMCV基因重组腺病毒,且对小鼠具有较好的免疫效果,可为进一步开发EMCV基因工程疫苗奠定基础。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒vp3基因在昆虫细胞中的表达及其ELISA抗原反应性的分析

为分析传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)重组VP3蛋白的ELISA抗原反应性,将IBDVvp3基因插入杆状病毒表达系统供体质粒pFastBacHTA中,构建重组供体质粒pFastBacHTA-vp3并转化大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细菌,经抗性筛选获得重组杆状病毒表达质粒pBac-vp3。用pBac-vp3转染Sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒vBac-vp3。对重组杆状病毒感染的Sf9细胞用Western-blot检测,在33ku处存在一条特异的蛋白条带;用间接免疫荧光试验检测时可见特异性荧光。以纯化的重组VP3蛋白为包被抗原建立了检测IBDV抗体的间接ELISA(VP3-ELISA),并与重组VP2蛋白包被抗原建立的VP2-ELISA和全病毒抗原ELISA(IDEXX-ELISA)进行了比较。对42份不同鸡血清中IBDV抗体的检测结果显示,VP3-ELISA的区分度低于VP2-ELISA和IDEXX-ELISA;VP3-ELISA阳性检出率低于VP2-ELISA和IDEXX-ELISA;VP3-ELISA与IDEXX-ELISA的相关系数低于VP2-ELISA与IDEXX-ELISA的相关系数。结果表明,在昆虫细胞中表达的重组VP3蛋白具有良好的特异性和抗原反应性,用它建立的ELISA的抗原反应性弱于用重组VP2蛋白和IBDV全病毒抗原建立的ELISA的抗原反应性。     

IBDV感染对T细胞趋化因子受体及其配体基因表达的影响

传染性腔上囊病毒(IBDV)感染家禽过程中,大量外源T细胞迁移到靶器官腔上囊组织,造成家禽严重的免疫抑制,本试验主要为了弄清影响T细胞定向迁移的关键因子。本试验利用IBDV感染SPF鸡动物模型,收集IBDV感染后第1和3天的腔上囊、胸腺和脾组织,利用定量PCR技术来测定T细胞趋化因子受体相关基因表达水平。结果显示,感染对照组中CCR4、CCR5、CCR6和CCR7基因表达水平明显升高,与健康对照组差异显著(P0.01),IBDV感染后第1天趋化因子受体基因表达水平比第3天高;CXCR4基因表达水平先升高后降低,变化明显;同时腔上囊组织中CCR5和CCR7的配体CCL4和CCL19基因表达水平也显著升高。结果表明,CCR5/CCL4、CCR7/CCL19轴可能参与T细胞迁移至腔上囊的过程,从而对IBDV的致病性产生重要作用。     

近期引起免疫失败的传染性腔上囊病病毒VP2基因的分子特征

用RT-PCR方法从2007年12月在安徽境内发生的两起传染性腔上囊病(IBD)免疫预防失败的病鸡腔上囊组织样品AH1与AH2中扩增出了传染性腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)VP2基因。序列分析表明,AH1与AH2病毒VP2基因长度均为1 350 nt,编码450 aa,七肽基序均为S-W-S-A-S-G-S,在222、253、256、279、284、294和299位上的氨基酸残基分别是A、QI、、D、AI、和S,具有IBDV强毒的分子特征,AH1和AH2感染的20日龄雏鸡产生明显IBD病变,死亡率为25%(1/4)。同源性分析表明,26个血清Ⅰ型IBDV毒株VP2基因核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性分别为90.7%～99.6%和95.5%～100%,不同IBDV毒株VP2基因的七肽基序、特征性氨基酸残基以及高变区的亲水性有差异。在进化树上,26个血清Ⅰ型IBDV毒株可分为数组,其中的15个中国分离IBDV毒株不在同组,毒株之间的亲缘关系与分离地区或分离时间没有明显的联系。AH1和AH2与现行商品疫苗毒株B87的VP2基因核苷酸序列的差异率分别为5.3%和5.2%,这也进一步佐证了IBDV野毒VP2基因变异所引起的毒力变化和VP2抗原表位的漂移是导致当前IBD疫苗免疫预防失败的主要原因。     

表达传染性腔上囊病病毒VP2蛋白重组乳酸菌的构建及其免疫保护效果

为探讨表达传染性腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)VP2蛋白重组乳酸菌的口服免疫效果,采用RT-PCR方法扩增了1株IBDV流行毒株的VP2基因,再分别亚克隆到干酪乳杆菌和乳酸乳球菌的表达载体pPG2和PNZ8112中,并分别电转化干酪乳杆菌L.casei393和乳酸乳球菌NZ9000的感受态细胞,构建了重组菌pPG2-VP2/L. casei393和PNZ8112-VP2/NZ9000.分别经20 g/L乳糖和1 ng/mL的乳链菌肽诱导表达后,对菌体裂解物进行了SDS-PAGE和Western-blot分析.结果显示,重组菌pPG2-VP2/L.casei393和pNZ8112-VP2/NZ9000的裂解物中分别出现大小约为53 ku和50 ku的反应带,大小均与预期结果相符,表明目的蛋白在重组菌中得到了表达.重组菌pPG2-VP2/L. casei393和pNZ8112-VP2/NZ9000分别口服免疫SPF雏鸡后,均刺激机体产生了特异性抗IBDV VP2蛋白的血清抗体;攻毒保护试验结果显示,其保护指数分别为62.5%和37.5%,表明重组菌免疫雏鸡后,对IBDV的攻击均具有不同程度的免疫保护作用.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2基因与鸡IL-18成熟蛋白基因在杆状病毒表达系统中的双表达

为了研制针对传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)的新型疫苗,将IBDV的VP2基因和鸡IL-18成熟蛋白(mChIL-18)基因分别插入到双表达载体pFastBacDual的启动子P10和PH的下游,构建重组转移质粒pFastBacDual-VP2-IL-18。将其转座入大肠杆菌DH10Bac,获得了重组杆状病毒质粒,然后在昆虫细胞Sf9中双表达VP2-IL-18蛋白,并对双表达的VP2-IL-18进行生物学活性测定。结果显示,同一细胞中能分别表达出VP2蛋白和鸡IL-18蛋白,且表达的蛋白位于细胞胞质内。当VP2-IL-18的质量浓度为200ng/mL时能刺激鸡脾淋巴细胞产生IFN-γ,IFN-γ的活性最高可达2.8×104 U/mL。当VP2-IL-18诱导产生的IFN-γ的浓度≥10U/mL时就能产生抑制水泡性口炎病毒的效果。结果表明,双表达蛋白VP2-IL-18可以产生较强的生物学活性,为研制新型传染性法氏囊病IBD疫苗奠定了基础。     

传染性腔上囊病病毒与禽腺病毒混合感染的分子鉴定

应用设计的分别针对传染性腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)VP2蛋白基因高变区(vVP2)和Ⅰ群禽腺病毒(FAV)六邻体(hexon)蛋白基因的特异性PCR引物,对临床疑似IBD病例的2只鸡的腔上囊样品和泄殖腔拭子样品分别进行IBDV和FAV的分子检测.结果显示,通过巢式PCR从2份腔上囊样品中均扩增出了471 bp的IBDV vVP2特异性目的片段;Ssp Ⅰ和Sac Ⅰ的酶切分析以及序列测定分析证实,该目的片段属超强毒IBDV(very virulent IBDV,vvIBDV)的特征性序列,与常用疫苗株的亲缘关系较远.从2份泄殖腔拭子样品中均扩增出了900 bp的FAV特异性目的片段;序列测定和遗传进化分析表明,该片段在分子水平上属于血清l型FAV(FAV-1).结果表明,该病例同时感染了vvIBDV和FAV-1.     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.