在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定血液样品中12种卡西酮类毒品

目的 建立一种同时测定血液样品中12种卡西酮类毒品的在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法 血液样品用乙腈沉淀蛋白，经离心、稀释、过滤后上样，采用PLRP-S在线固相萃取柱（2.1mm×12.5mm,15～20μm）富集纯化，Poroshell 120 EC-C18色谱柱（3.0mm×150mm,2.7μm）进行分离，在线固相萃取柱以乙腈-5%（体积分数）甲醇作为流动相进行流速1.0 mL/min的梯度洗脱，色谱柱以5 mmol/L乙酸铵缓冲液[含0.1%（体积分数）甲酸]-乙腈作为流动相进行流速0.4m L/min的梯度洗脱。离子源为电喷雾离子源，采用多反应监测模式进行测定。结果 12种卡西酮类毒品线性关系良好，相关系数均大于0.998，方法检出限为0.1～0.5ng/mL，定量限为0.3～1.5ng/mL。12种卡西酮类毒品在3个不同质量浓度条件下的回收率为70.9%～108%，日内精密度和日间精密度分别为1.5%～8.9%、5.1%～44.5%(n=6)。结论 该方法操作简单方便、样品需求量少、灵敏度高、检出限低，可用于血液样品中卡西酮类毒品的测定。     

高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱法检测人血中的丁醚脲及其代谢产物

目的建立人血中丁醚脲及其代谢产物丁醚脲-脲和丁醚脲-甲烷亚胺的高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用(HPLC-QTOF/MS)分析方法。方法取人血2mL,用2mL乙腈沉淀蛋白,选用Kinelex®Cl8(2.6μm 3.0mm×100mm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸+乙腈(A相)和5mmol/L甲酸铵溶液+0.1%甲酸溶液(B相)为流动相梯度洗脱分离,采用液相色谱-飞行时间质谱仪的电喷雾电离,正离子模式进行分析。结果该方法人血中的丁醚脲、丁醚脲-脲和丁醚脲-甲烷亚胺检出限分别为1.0、0.1、1.0 ng/mL;丁醚脲、丁醚脲-脲、丁醚脲-甲烷亚胺在0.5~100ng/mL范围内线性良好(R2=0.9991~0.9996),在3个浓度水平平均回收率为78.1%~98.5%,日内精密度为4.1%~5.5%,日间精密度为5.5%~9.0%。结论该方法样品前处理方法操作简便,专属性强、灵敏度较高,适用于人血中丁醚脲及其代谢产物的定性定量。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定血液中芬普雷司

目的 建立了超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法检测血液中芬普雷司的方法。方法 将血液用乙腈沉淀蛋白后，高速离心，取上清液经0.22μm PTFE滤膜过滤后进样，选用Kinetex^?C18 (100×2.1 mm,2.6μm)色谱柱，以0.1%的甲酸及5 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液和乙腈为流动相，梯度洗脱，流速0.5 mL/min。选择电喷雾离子源(ESI)，采用多反应监测(MRM)的模式，优化质谱参数，离子对为：m/z 189.3/91.1和m/z 189.3/119.0。结果试验结果表明，芬普雷司0.5～500 ng/mL浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系，线性相关系数0.993 3，最低检测浓度(LOQ, S/N=3)为0.1 ng/ml，定量限0.5 ng/ml，空白添加回收率84.3%～92.1%，精密度为1.9%～2.8%。结论建立的LC-MS/MS分析方法准确、快速、有效，可应用于血液中芬普雷司定量和定性要求。     

液质联用仪自动筛选常见安眠镇静药的应用研究

目的建立快速、灵敏的常见安眠镇静药物的液质联用仪的定性筛选方法。方法采用ZORBAX sb-aq,150mm×2.1mm×3.5μm(带预柱)色谱柱;柱温:30℃;流动相:甲酸(0.1%)甲醇和甲酸(0.1%)水溶液梯度条件;流速:0.4mL/min;通过电喷雾电离,自动三级扫描质谱。结果通过软件自动处理数据,建立了57种常见安眠镇静药的质谱谱库和保留时间参数谱库。结论建立的常见安眠药谱库和分析方法具有快速、灵敏、准确的优点,不易造成漏检,并且用于实际案件检验。     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时检测全血中16种除草剂

目的建立全血中16种除草剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测方法,为除草剂中毒案事件及其他刑事案件血液中该16种除草剂的检验鉴定提供依据。方法取200μL的血液,加入800μL乙腈-水(体积比80/20),进行蛋白沉淀后,采用Acquity BEH C18(2.1mm×100mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,以水(5mmol/L的甲酸铵,0.1%的甲酸)-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源(ESI)、多反应监测(MRM)正离子模式对16种化合物进行检测。结果在1~200ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,R2均大于0.996;基质效应(ME%)为85.2%~104.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD%)为0.72%~4.84%;仪器检出限(IDLs)为0.2~2 ng/mL(信噪比S/N≥3),方法检出限(MDLs)为0.5~3ng/mL(信噪比S/N≥3),最低定量限(LOQs)为1~7ng/mL(信噪比S/N≥10)。结论本实验建立的全血中16种除草剂同时检验方法,前处理简便快捷、回收率高、精密度好、方法检出限低,可作为该16种除草剂中(投)毒案件的检验方法。     

UPLC-Q/Exactive MS快速筛查人体血液中21种生物碱

目的建立了超高效液相色谱-四级杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UPLC-Q/Exactive MS)快速筛查血液中21种生物碱的方法。方法样品经乙腈蛋白沉淀法进行前处理。目标物经ACQUITY UPLC@BEHC_(18)分离,以乙腈及5mmol/L甲酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)水溶液进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾正离子模式和全扫描/数据依赖二级扫描(Full MS/dd-MS~2)模式下检测,根据21种生物碱的高分辨分子离子峰、同位素分布、特征子离子信息建立数据库,采用Trace Finder 4.1软件实现定性检索。结果人体血液中21种生物碱的检出限(LOD)在1.0-20.0ng/m L之间,用Trace Finder软件对血液样品中添加的21中生物碱进行快速筛查,通过数据库比对,目标化合物均被检出。结论方法操作简便,准确性好,灵敏度高,适用于血液中生物碱的快速筛查。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测生物样品中百草枯及其代谢物

目的建立生物样品中百草枯(paraquat,PQ)及其2种主要代谢物monoquat,paraquatmonopyridone(MP)的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测方法,应用于百草枯中毒案件的法医学鉴定。方法生物样品经乙腈或甲醇沉淀蛋白,使用Agilent HILIC Plus(4.6×100mm,3.5μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸水溶液～0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液(v/v)为流动相进行洗脱,在多反应监测模式下检测。结果百草枯及其代谢物在1～1000ng/mL内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)≥0.9996,最低检出限为0.34～6.00ng/mL,检测准确度为91.25%～113.44%,日内及日间精密度分别为1.51%～3.99%和1.92%～4.93%。结论本文建立的LC-MS/MS法具有灵敏度高、特异性好的特点,可应用于百草枯中毒相关案件的法医学鉴定。     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定人全血中灭多威

目的建立一种简便的测定人全血中灭多威的液相色谱-质谱联用法。方法样品处理采用液-液乙酸乙酯萃取方法。色谱柱为Zorbax SB-C18(2.1mm×50mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸,梯度洗脱,流速为0.5mL/min,柱温40℃。采用ESI离子源,MRM离子方式监测。结果灭多威在0.05~2.0μg/mL浓度范围内线性良好(r0.995)。灭多威的方法回收率均在90%~108%的范围内,日内、日间RSD均小于15%。结论本方法可简单、高效地检测全血中灭多威浓度。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定生物检材中乌头碱

目的建立一种简单、快速测定生物检材(血液、尿液、胃内容物)乌头碱的超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法。方法样品采用乙腈沉淀处理。色谱柱为UPLC C18(2.1mm×50mm,1.7μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸,梯度洗脱,流速为0.4m L/min,柱温40℃。采用ESI离子源,MRM模式检测。结果乌头碱在血液0.5~500ng/m L,尿液1~1000ng/m L浓度范围内线性良好(r>0.995)。乌头碱方法回收率在91.3%~110.2%之间;提取回收率在72.8%~83.5%之间;日内、日间RSD均小于14%。结论本方法简单、快速检测生物检材中乌头碱。     

HPLC-MS／MS同时检测全血中佐匹克隆、唑吡坦和扎来普隆

目的建立全血中佐匹克隆、唑吡坦和扎来普隆的液相色谱一四级杆飞行时间串联质谱联用同时检测方法。方法采用液液萃取进行提取,提取物以ZorbaxEclipsePlusC18（2．1×50mm,1．8fire）色谱柱分离,以10mmol／L甲酸铵（含0．1％甲酸）一乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为0．2mL／min,四级杆一飞行时间串联质谱检测。结果全血中佐匹克隆和扎来普隆的线性范围为10ng／mL-500ng／mL,检出限为3ng／mL唑吡坦的线性范围为3ng／mL-300ng／mL,检出限为lng／mL。结论本方法准确、快速、灵敏,可用于全血中佐匹克隆、唑吡坦和扎来普隆的同时定性、定量检测。     

生物检材中乌头碱的LC-MS/MS快速分析

目的应用高效液相色谱-质谱法对生物检材中乌头生物碱等有毒成分进行快速分析。方法取全血样品经乙腈-甲醇(5:1 v/v)提取,使用Agilent Zorbax SB C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈(60:40 v/v)为流动相等度洗脱。在多反应监测模式下测定全血样品中乌头生物碱等有毒成分。结果乌头碱、次乌头碱和中乌头碱的保留时间为0.73 min、0.77 min和0.63 min;用于定量分析的离子对分别为m/z 646.4→586.4(乌头碱)、616.1→556.5(次乌头碱)和632.4→572.1(中乌头碱)。乌头碱在0.1~250 ng/m L内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)≥0.9987,最低检出限0.1ng/m L,精密度考查其变异系数(CV)5.42%(n=6),血液中乌头碱提取回收率不小于90%。结论本文建立的高效液相色谱-质谱法快速、简便、灵敏,适用于天然药毒物检验。     

Target screening and confirmation of 35 licit and illicit drugs and metabolites in hair by LC-MSMS

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) target screening in 50mg hair was developed and fully validated for 35 analytes (Δ9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, methadone, fentanyl, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, benzoylecgonine, cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide, ketamine, scopolamine, alprazolam, bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, tetrazepam, triazolam, zolpidem, zopiclone, amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine, fluoxetine, paroxetine and venlafaxine). Hair decontamination was performed with dichloromethane, and incubation in 2 mL of acetonitrile at 50°C overnight. Extraction procedure was performed in 2 steps, first liquid-liquid extraction, hexane:ethyl acetate (55:45, v:v) at pH 9, followed by solid-phase extraction (Strata-X cartridges). Chromatographic separation was performed in AtlantisT3 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 3 μm) column, acetonitrile and ammonium formate pH 3 as mobile phase, and 32 min total run time. One transition per analyte was monitored in MRM mode. To confirm a positive result, a second injection monitoring 2 transitions was performed. The method was specific (no endogenous interferences, n=9); LOD was 0.2-50 pg/mg and LOQ 0.5-100 pg/mg; linearity ranged from 0.5-100 to 2000-20,000 pg/mg; imprecision <15%; analytical recovery 85-115%; extraction efficiency 4.1-85.6%; and process efficiency 2.5-207.7%; 27 analytes showed ion suppression (up to -86.2%), 4 ion enhancement (up to 647.1%), and 4 no matrix effect; compounds showed good stability 24-48 h in autosampler. The method was applied to 17 forensic cases. In conclusion, a sensitive and specific target screening of 35 analytes in 50mg hair, including drugs of abuse (THC, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines) and medicines (benzodiazepines, antidepressants) was developed and validated, achieving lower cut-offs than Society of Hair Testing recommendations.     

Detection of the synthetic drug 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) in serum and urine

4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) was detected in the blood and urine of two individuals suspected for driving under the influence (DUI). The test for amphetamines in urine subjected to immunoassay screening using the CEDIA DAU assay proved positive. Further investigations revealed a 4-FA cross-reactivity of about 6% in the CEDIA amphetamine assay. 4-FA was qualitatively detected in a general unknown screening for drugs using GC/MS in full scan mode. No other drugs or fluorinated phenethylamines were detected. A validated GC/MS method was established in SIM mode for serum analysis of 4-FA with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 ng/mL and a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 5 ng/mL. Intra-assay precision was approx. 4% and inter-assay precision approx. 8%. Applying this method, the 4-FA serum concentrations of the two subjects were determined to be 350 ng/mL and 475 ng/mL, respectively. Given the pharmacological data of amphetamine, 4-FA psychoactive effects are to be expected at these serum levels. Both subjects exhibited sympathomimetic effects and psychostimulant-like impairment accordingly.     

Phenibut screening and quantification with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application to driving cases

An analytical strategy for identification by an LC–MS/MS multitarget screening method and a suitable LC–MS/MS based quantification were developed for the psychotropic drug phenibut. The samples analyzed were collected during traffic control and were associated with driving under the influence of drugs. A positive sample for phenibut was identified in a single case of driving under the influence. The quantification revealed a drug concentration of 1.9 μg/mL. An interaction with blood alcohol (BAC = 0.10%) was discussed as the explanation of the way of driving and deficit manifestations observed (swaying, nystagmus, quivering of the eyelid, and reddened eyes). According to the available information, the quantified phenibut concentration could be explained by an intake of four tablets (self-reported) during the day containing 250 mg of the drug. Chromatography was performed with a Luna 5 μm C18 (2) 100 A, 150 mm × 2 mm analytical column, and a buffer system consisted of 10 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% acetic acid (v/v) included in mobile phases marked as A (H₂O/methanol = 95/5, v/v) and B (H₂O/methanol = 3/97, v/v). An effective limit of detection (LOD = 0.002 μg/mL) could be achieved for the multitarget screening method. The quantification of phenibut was performed on a second LC–MS/MS system with LOD/LOQ values of 0.22/0.40 μg/mL. Since phenibut quantification data are rare, the presented information can be used with caution for evaluation of positive cases in the future.     

Simultaneous analysis of six amphetamines and analogues in hair, blood and urine by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Application to the determination of MDMA after low ecstasy intake

A rapid and sensitive method using LC-MS/MS triple stage quadrupole for the determination of traces of amphetamine (AP), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy"), 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA), and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine (MBDB) in hair, blood and urine has been developed and validated. Chromatography was carried out on an Uptisphere ODB C(18) 5 microm, 2.1 mm x 150 mm column (Interchim, France) with a gradient of acetonitrile and formate 2 mM pH 3.0 buffer. Urine and blood were extracted with Toxitube A (Varian, France). Segmented scalp hair was treated by incubation 15 min at 80 degrees C in NaOH 1M before liquid-liquid extraction with hexane/ethyl acetate (2/1, v/v). The limits of quantification (LOQ) in blood and urine were at 0.1 ng/mL for all analytes. In hair, LOQ was <5 pg/mg for MA, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB, at 14.7 pg/mg for AP and 15.7 pg/mg for MDA. Calibration curves were linear in the range 0.1-50 ng/mL in blood and urine; in the range 5-500 pg/mg for MA, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB, and 20-500 pg/mg for AP and MDA. Inter-day precisions were <13% for all analytes in all matrices. Accuracy was <20% in blood and urine at 1 and 50 ng/mL and <10% in hair at 20 and 250 pg/mg. This method was applied to the determination of MDMA in a forensic case of single administration of ecstasy to a 16-year-old female without her knowledge during a party. She suffered from hyperactivity, sweating and agitation. A first sample of urine was collected a few hours after (T+12h) and tested positive to amphetamines by immunoassay by a clinical laboratory. Blood and urine were sampled for forensic purposes at day 8 (D+8) and scalp hair at day 60 (D+60). No MDMA was detected in blood, but urine and hair were tested positive, respectively at 0.42 ng/mL and at 22 pg/mg in hair only in the segment corresponding to the period of the offence, while no MDA was detectable. This method allows the detection of MDMA up to 8 days in urine after single intake.     

Analysis of biofluids for flunitrazepam and metabolites by electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/MS) procedure has been developed for the analysis of biofluids containing flunitrazepam and its metabolites. Specimens were spiked with deuterated analogs of the analytes. Urine specimens were enzymatically hydrolyzed and blood specimens were untreated. Extractions were carried out using CleanScreen DAU SPE cartridges. The drugs were separated on a C18 column using a methanol-water-ammonium hydroxide (60:40: 0.03 v/v) mobile phase. After determination of base peaks using full scan mass spectrometry, the mass spectrometry method was optimized to operate in selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode for the base peak of each analyte. Positive findings were confirmed by LC/MS/MS using the same mobile phase and column. This analytical procedure allows for the detection of low levels of flunitrazepam and metabolites in biofluids. It is useful for ascertaining the role of flunitrazepam in cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault.     

UPLC-MS/MS检测人血中18种有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药

目的建立人血中18种有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药超高压液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)的检测方法。方法血液中加入乙腈沉淀蛋白,采用Waters BEH C18(1.7μm 2.1×50mm)柱子,流动相为5mmol/L乙酸铵水-甲醇,流速:0.3m L/min;进样量:2μL,电喷雾离子源(ESI),正离子检测,采用多反应监测方式进行定量分析。结果药物最小检测限(LOD)在0.1~40ng/m L之间,定量限(LOQ)在0.5~50ng/m L之间,各药物浓度在定量限到500ng/m L范围内线性良好,回收率均在64.3%~111.9%之间,相对标准偏差为3.9%~10.3%。结论该方法专属性强、灵敏、准确,可以适用于法庭与临床毒物分析。     

Rapid analysis of caffeine in "smart drugs" and "energy drinks" by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC)

A novel method based on microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) with diode array detection (DAD) for rapid determination of caffeine in commercial and clandestine stimulants, known as "energy drinks" and "smart drugs", is described. Separations were carried out in 50 cm × 50 μm (ID) uncoated fused silica capillaries. The optimized buffer electrolyte was composed of 8.85 mM sodium tetraborate pH 9.5, SDS 3.3% (w/v), n-hexane 1.5% (v/v) and 1-butanol 6.6% (v/v). Separations were performed at a voltage of 20 kV. Sample injection conditions were 0.5 psi, 3 s. Diprofilline was used as internal standard. The determination of the analytes was based on the UV signal recorded at 275 nm, corresponding to the maximum wavelength of absorbance of caffeine, whereas peak identification and purity check was performed on the basis of the acquisition of UV radiation between 200 and 400 nm wavelengths. Under the described conditions, the separation of the compounds was achieved in 6 min without any interference from the matrix. Linearity was assessed within a caffeine concentration range from 5 to 100 μg/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precision values were below 0.37% for migration times and below 9.86% for peak areas. The present MEEKC method was successfully applied to the direct determination of caffeine in smart drugs and energy drinks.     

Determination of benzodiazepines in human hair by on-line high-performance liquid chromatography using a restricted access extraction column.

A method is described for the identification of five frequently prescribed benzodiazepines (BZD) (clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, midazolam and oxazepam) in human hair samples by reversed phase HPLC, following on-line simple enrichment and clean-up on a restricted access extraction column. 50mg of powdered hair were incubated (2h at 45 degrees C) after sonication (1h) in 1 ml of the following solution (methanol:ammonia, 97.5/2.5, v/v). The aliquot was centrifuged and the methanolic phase transferred to a conical tube and evaporated under a gentle stream of nitrogen. The residue was reconstituted by adding 100 microl of a mixture of phosphate buffer (20mM, pH=2.2) and acetonitrile (94/6, v/v). A total of 80 microl were injected into the system with the column switching technique. The pre-column or clean-up column was washed with phosphate buffer pH=7.2. The drugs retained on the pre-column were then eluted in the back-flush mode and separated on a C(8) semi micro column, Lichrospher select B, 125 mm x 3 mm. The BZD were determined by a photodiode-array detector at 254 nm, using reference data (retention time and UV spectra) stored in a personal library. The method showed excellent linearity between 0.5 and 20 ng/mg of hair for clonazepam, flunitrazepam and midazolam and between 0.5 and 100 ng/mg of hair for diazepam and oxazepam. Finally, the present method has been applied to a number of forensic cases in our laboratory.     

A rapid and convenient LC/MS method for routine identification of methamphetamine/dimethylamphetamine and their metabolites in urine

A rapid and sensitive LC/MS method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of N,N-dimethylamphetamine (DMA), N,N-dimethylamphetamine N-oxide (DMANO), methylamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (A) in urine samples. Employing an Alltech C18 column for solid phase extraction followed by LC/MS analysis using an Alltech Platinum EPS C18 column with a mixture of ammonium formate (0.01 M, pH 3) and acetonitrile (77:23, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min, simultaneous identification and quantitation of A, MA, DMA and DMANO in urine can be achieved using a 5-min chromatographic run. The calibration ranges were 0.10-3.0 micro g/mL for DMANO, 0.05-3.0 micro g/mL for DMA and 0.05-5.0 micro g/mL for both MA and A. The intra-, inter-day precision and accuracy for all analytes, spiked at three different concentrations in quality control samples, were in the ranges of 1.7-8.6, 4.1-10.0, -11.6 to 12.9%, respectively. The newly developed method was applied to the analysis of urine samples obtained from 118 suspected MA/DMA abusers, with the presence of MA confirmed in their urine samples under the drug-use surveillance program. Of these 118 samples, 43 were found to contain DMANO and 11 with both DMANO and DMA.