刑事速裁程序实施问题与对策研究——以北京市C区法院为样本

刑事速裁程序试点过程中,通过适用速裁程序在一定程度上提升了诉讼效率,取得了一定的实效,但仍存在着适用率不高、效率提升不明显、被告人权利保障不足等问题.在今后的改革中,应明确速裁程序以效率为价值追求,全程简化诉讼流程,建立强制律师帮助制度,改革审理方式,明确量刑优惠幅度,原则上实行一审终审,进而完善速裁程序,使其成为普通程序、简易程序之外的第三种诉讼程序.     

我国刑事案件速裁程序研究——与美、德刑事案件快速审理程序之比较

第十二届全国人大常委会通过了《关于授权最高人民法院、最高人民检察院在部分地区开展刑事案件速裁程序的试点工作的决定》,该决定所启动的刑事案件速裁程序的试点和未来的可能立法,既要立足我国本土刑事案件速裁程序试点的实践,也应当吸收刑事案件快速审理程序的国际经验。美国的辩诉交易和德国的简易程序等快速审理程序在适用案件的范围、被告人的权利保护和审理方式等方面,显示出与我国刑事案件速裁程序显著不同的风格。从比较法的意义上,将中国、美国和德国的刑事案件快速审理程序进行横向比较,不仅有利于深入剖析我国刑事案件速裁程序的试点规范,而且可为未来速裁程序的科学立法提供国际经验。     

论我国刑事案件速裁程序的构建

我国试点时期的刑事案件速裁程序具有四个主要特点,即轻微刑事案件快速办理、被追诉人认罪认罚从轻处理、公检法司四机关联动案件办理以及以司法公正实现为基石.速裁程序是区别于普通程序、简易程序的新的程序类型,理论界与实务界对速裁程序的价值、适用范围、审理方式以及犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的权利保障等方面都存在较大争议.刑事案件速裁程序的建构应立足于我国司法实践需要,符合多元价值目标要求;应做到与普通程序、简易程序的有机衔接,形成刑事诉讼程序体系;应切实保障当事人尤其是犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的权利,并遵循刑事诉讼规律和基本的刑事诉讼制度.     

我国民事速裁机制的考察与思考

以目前民事司法改革的新机制--速裁机制为研究对象,从速裁机制产生的社会背景入手,结合人民法院的司法实践,总结了我国现有的两种速裁机制的设计类型,比较了速裁机制与简易程序和小额诉讼程序的异同,并针对实践探索中出现的问题,以民事诉讼基本理论为依托,提出改革的建议,以期民事速裁机制能在今后发挥更大的作用.     

小额诉讼程序实践中利与弊的冲突

诉讼迟延或“积案”是几乎存在于任何国家任何时代的一种令人烦恼的现象.随着我国市场经济的迅速发展,法院所接受的诉讼数量与诉讼类型与日俱增,而现有《民事诉讼法》所设置的诉讼制度已无法满足现实社会对司法的需求.面对堆积如山的存案与长期难以缓解的“案多人少”的矛盾,最高人民法院在借鉴国内外民事审判实践经验的基础上,积极探索改革,并于2011年3月17日正式下发了《关于部分基层人民法院开展小额速裁试点工作的指导意见》的通知.小额诉讼程序通常是指从民事简易程序中分离出来的对诉讼标的额更小的案件所适用的更加简易化的程序.小额诉讼程序的设立旨在克服民事诉讼在效率上的比较劣势.     

探索与前进:论小额速裁程序的构建

从我国近二十年来社会发展的状况和司法实践的需求来看,"普通———简易"的一审诉讼程序类型已经越来越凸显其粗陋之处。近年来,急速膨胀的司法需求迫使人民法院纷纷展开简化诉讼程序、提高司法效率的探索,小额速裁的探索便是其中一种。小额速裁的本质要求是在兼顾公平正义的基础上进一步提高诉讼效率,因此小额速裁的设计必须把握公正与效率之间的平衡。     

我国民事速裁机制的考察与思考

以目前民事司法改革的新机制——速裁机制为研究对象,从速裁机制产生的社会背景入手,结合人民法院的司法实践,总结了我国现有的两种速裁机制的设计类型,比较了速裁机制与简易程序和小额诉讼程序的异同,并针对实践探索中出现的问题,以民事诉讼基本理论为依托,提出改革的建议,以期民事速裁机制能在今后发挥更犬的作用。     

小额速裁程序的法理思考与制度完善

小额速裁程序制度已经突破传统诉讼程序设置的基本原理与框架,在法律定位上,该程序应当是与普通程序和简易程序独立并存的审判程序。诉讼程序与非诉程序法理交错适用、诉讼成本与诉讼收益相适应、效率与公正价值的衡平、诉讼合意与能动司法的协调是该程序的理论基础。我国小额速裁程序制度的完善应当在依据其基本法理、反思各地司法实践经验的基础上,实现从体例结构到内容的改进。     

“书面审”抑或“开庭审”:我国刑事速裁程序审理方式探究

自刑事速裁程序试点以来，我国学界和实务界对是否应省略庭审程序即采用书面审理方式存在争议。在刑事一体化的理论视野下，基于与域外处罚令程序的对比，我国速裁程序目前并不具备“书面审”的条件。从实体维度来看，速裁程序所适用的案件尚未“轻微”到可以书面审理的程度，处罚令程序的案件适用范围在某种程度上是与我国治安管理处罚程序大致相当，速裁程序采用“书面审”有违比例原则。在程序维度上，速裁程序审前阶段对被追诉人的权利保障还未“充分”到足以省略庭审的程度，庭审程序在保障和核查被告人认罪认罚及程序选择的自愿性等方面仍具有重要的“把关”作用。当务之急乃进一步完善速裁案件的庭审程序，而非将其省略。首先，在宏观认识上应明确开庭审理对于速裁程序的意义；其次，在微观操作层面应重塑开庭审理的具体方式。     

民事速裁程序构建原理——兼及民事诉讼繁简分流改革的系统推进

最高人民法院早有把速裁程序建设为一种独立的诉讼程序的意图.但现有改革思路未能跳出简易程序的框架,且囿于现行法的规定,速裁程序的独立性尚未证成.独立速裁程序正式制度化的前提,是揭示其不同于简易程序的本质特征.速裁程序与略式程序有很高的适配性.运用略式程序基本原理,以当事人对实体问题没有争议为前提,在审理程序、裁判效力性质、程序保障及救济途径等方面构建独立的速裁程序规则.以速裁程序构建为抓手,系统推进民事诉讼繁简分流改革,有助于提高改革的系统集成效应.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。