日龄和感染量对柔嫩艾美球虫感染鸡组织病理学变化的影响

采用组织切片技术,观察了用不同剂量柔嫩艾美球虫(E.tenella)YL株孢子化卵囊感染的同一日龄雏鸡和用同一剂量柔嫩艾美球虫YL株孢子化卵囊感染的不同日龄雏鸡的组织病理学变化,并对不同组别的卵囊和配子体数量进行了统计。结果显示,不同剂量组中,1×105卵囊感染组配子体和卵囊的产量明显高于1×103和1×104卵囊感染组,其组织病理学变化也明显,但在感染后第9~11 d,1×103和1×104感染组卵囊数较1×105组多;同一剂量(每只鸡1×103卵囊)感染时11日龄雏鸡的组织病理学变化明显,说明鸡的日龄越大卵囊产量越高。     

家鹅球虫种类的调查研究

1983年4～9月间在江苏省邗江县六圩公社顺江、马桥两个大队和西湖公社金圩大队先后发现三群鹅爆发球虫病。本报告重点研究这三群鹅爆发球虫病的球虫种类。经卵囊分离、培养、量度、详细观察、摄影等,鉴定为两属4种:鹅艾美耳球虫E.anseris,有毒艾美耳球虫E. nocens,多斑艾美耳球虫E. stigmosa和稍小太泽球虫Tyzzeria Parvula,其中艾美耳属三种,太泽属1种。经统计100枚卵囊,各占的比例鹅艾美耳球虫43％,有毒艾美耳球虫44％,多斑艾美耳球虫10％,稍小太泽球虫3％。前三种危害严重。     

巨型艾美球虫在免疫鸡体内发育的组织学观察

巨型艾美球虫（Ｅｉｍｅｒｉａｍａｘｉｍａ）在非免疫鸡体内有３代裂殖生殖，在其第１代和第２代裂殖生殖阶段，虫体寄生的空肠组织发生粘液变性；在裂殖生殖后期和配子生殖阶段，空肠绒毛组织变化明显，包括粘膜上皮细胞大量脱落，固有层淋巴细胞浸润等，有时出现大量上皮间淋巴细胞（ＩＥＬ）。试验鸡经巨型艾美球虫攻击后，在其子孢子侵入、移行阶段就受到抑制。随着时间推移，第１代、第２代和第３代裂殖生殖受到日益加重的抑制，最终使虫体没有进入到有性生殖阶段。对免疫鸡攻虫后第１ｄ可见空肠固有层淋巴细胞浸润、ＩＥＬ增多、肠腺上皮细胞增生等反应。研究结果表明，免疫反应的靶阶段虫体包括子孢子及裂殖生殖各阶段的虫体；空肠固有层淋巴细胞、ＩＥＬ可能参与了抗巨型艾美球虫感染的保护性免疫。     

毁灭泰泽球虫卵囊孢子化过程的超微结构观察

毁灭泰泽球虫(Tyzzeria perniciosa)属于复顶亚门孢子虫纲球虫目艾美耳科,是家鸭的一种致病球虫。刚从鸭粪排出的新鲜卵囊没有孢子化。孢子化后,卵囊内便形成8个子孢子,但无孢子囊。由于制备卵囊超薄切片的困难,球虫卵囊孢子化过程的超微结构研究被阻碍了许多年,直到1976年Andersen等研制出一种卵囊双切片技术,才成功地解决了这一难题。目前,已有布氏艾美耳球虫和龚地弓形虫卵囊孢子化过程的研究报道,毁灭泰泽球虫卵囊孢子化的细微结构尚无记载。故此,作者对该种卵囊孢子化过程的详细结构进行了研究。(一)材料与方法 实验所用卵囊是以纯种毁灭泰泽球虫卵囊接种无球虫小鸭,从收集的粪便分离得到。取新鲜卵囊在26℃条件下分别孢子化0、6、12和24小时,然后每份材料按照Andersen介绍的方法制作卵囊的超薄切片,染色后,在JEM100s电镜下观察。     

鹅艾美球虫致病性的研究

按每只鹅3×104和0.5×104个孢子化卵囊的剂量感染18日龄天山白鹅,以临床症状、肉眼病变、病理组织学变化、平均增重、病变记分和死亡率为观察指标,对鹅艾美球虫(Eimeria an-seris)的致病性进行了研究。结果显示,不同剂量感染引起的临床症状和各病死鹅的肉眼病变基本相似。各感染组的平均增重与对照组均差异显著(P<0.05)。各感染组平均病变记分与未感染对照组差异极显著(P<0.01);感染相同剂量组之间的平均病变记分差异不显著(P>0.05),感染不同剂量组之间的平均病变记分差异显著(P<0.05)。不同感染剂量组均发生死亡,死亡率分别为10%~30%和60%~90%。结果表明,E.anseris具有极强的致病性。     

脆弱艾美耳球虫、波氏艾美耳球虫和堆型艾美耳球虫在培养细胞里的发育

在培养细胞里培养了鸡艾美耳球虫、波氏艾美耳球虫和堆型艾美耳球虫,观察了它们的生长形态和培养条件。已获得的结果摘要如下。 (一)脆弱艾美耳球虫在用孢子体接种的细胞培养中发育成卵囊,波氏艾美耳球虫发育到成熟的第二代裂殖体。没有发现处于生长期的堆型艾美耳球虫。 (二)在培养脆弱艾美耳球虫第二世代裂殖体时,只有少数裂殖子侵入培养细胞,不过没观察到进一步的发育。 (三)裂殖体区分为三种形态学类型。第一种类型的裂殖体跟在活体里发现的形态一样。第二种类型裂殖体的细胞质分裂成大小不一的团块。每一团块包含一个或较多的细胞核。第三种类型裂殖体同细胞里的孢子体相似,尽管它们在量度上比后者明显大些。它们有一个折光体,一个大细胞核和丰满的细胞质。 (四)在裂殖子形成过程中看到三种不同的方法。裂殖子是由第一种类型的裂殖体,第二种类型裂殖体的球形体和第三种类型裂殖体的球状物的表面分裂而形成的。 (五)在试管里培养脆弱艾美耳球虫的最适条件在于应用鸡肾细胞和含有0.2％酵母浸出物的No.199培养基,并置40℃培养。当应用鸡胚成纤维细胞和把培养物保存在Eagle's最小必需量培养基里并在40℃孵育波氏艾美耳球虫时取得了满意的结果。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染鸡的盲肠上皮间淋巴细胞表达白介素17的动态变化

以1×104个柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)孢子化卵囊感染10日龄AA肉鸡,于感染后第24、48及72小时分离鸡盲肠上皮间淋巴细胞(IELs)。提取鸡盲肠IELs总RNA,用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测IL-17的表达动态;然后用FITC标记的抗鸡CD4单抗和PE标记的抗小鼠IL-17单抗作为抗体对盲肠IELs进行荧光抗体染色,再进行流式细胞术分析,检测了表达IL-17的CD4+盲肠IELs在柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染后的动态变化。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,鸡在感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫后能够显著上调IL-17mR-NA的表达水平,流式细胞分析结果表明,在球虫感染后表达IL-17的CD4+细胞数量显著上升。这些结果表明,IL-17参与了宿主抵抗球虫感染的反应。     

毒害艾美球虫孢子化卵囊cDNA文库的构建

为构建毒害艾美球虫孢子化卵囊cDNA表达文库,用Trizol试剂提取毒害艾美球虫孢子化卵囊总RNA,采用SMART技术,在逆转录酶的作用下将总RNA反转录成第一链cDNA,经LD-PCR扩增合成双链cDNA(ds cDNA).经蛋白酶K消化、Sfi I酶切,过CHROMA SPIN-400TM柱去除小于400 bp的片段,与?TriplEx2TM噬菌体载体连接,用Gigapack ⅢGoldTM载体蛋白包装,构建了cDNA噬菌体表达文库.经测定,原始文库容量为4.72×106pfu/mL,扩增后的文库容量为2.62×1010pfu/mL,重组率为97.5%,插入片段为500～1100 bp.证实,该文库质量良好,为毒害艾美球虫新基因的筛选、克隆及功能研究奠定了基础.     

柔嫩艾美球虫感染对鸡体内一氧化氮水平的影响

对33日龄健康罗曼公鸡口服接种1.5×105个柔嫩艾美球虫孢子化卵囊,分别于感染0、2、4、6和8 d扑杀,检测其血清、心、肝、脾、肺和肾组织NO含量.结果表明,试验鸡血清NO水平在感染第4 d显著低于对照鸡(P＜0.05),至感染第8 d显著高于对照鸡(P＜0.05);心、肺NO水平与对照鸡相比差异不显著(P＞0.05);肝NO水平在感染第6 d极显著高于对照鸡(P＜0.01),其他时间与对照鸡无显著差异(P＞0.05);脾NO)水平在感染第2 d和第8 d均显著低于对照鸡(P＜0.05);肾NO水平在感染第2 d极显著高于对照鸡(P＜0.01),自第4 d到试验结束与对照鸡相比差异不显著.提示在鸡柔嫩艾美球虫感染过程中NO)可能通过介导机体免疫而参与抗病作用.     

微小隐孢子虫感染HCT-8细胞模型的建立及不同阶段虫体形态的观察

利用人回盲肠癌(HCT-8)细胞作为感染细胞,采用不同的接种细胞浓度和培养血清浓度进行培养,观察细胞的生长状况;在培养细胞中加入1×105个经活力检测的微小隐孢子虫卵囊,培养72h后用荧光标记的隐孢子虫卵囊、子孢子染色试剂盒Crypt-a-Glo和Sporo-Glo进行染色,观察不同发育阶段的隐孢子虫形态。结果显示,在六孔培养板中接种10×105个细胞后,24h后长成80%～100%单细胞层,可以用来接种微小隐孢子虫。培养72h后观察到了隐孢子虫各个阶段虫体的形态。结果表明,成功建立了微小隐孢子虫感染HCT-8细胞模型。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.     

My Journey to Artistic Peak

正I was born in a doctor’s family in a village in Heze,Shandong Province.Since the ancient times,Heze has been home to many painters and literature masters due to the influence of Confucianism.My grandfather and greatgrandfather were both good at calligraphy,not least to mention their medical skills.Even by now,senior people in our village still praise them for it.Both of them had deceased before I was born.     

Sidelights on Australian and New Zealand's Rotary Club Delegation's Visit to China

正At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 6-member Australian and New Zealand’s Rotary Club delegation visited China from September 23 to September 27.As a staff member of CAFIU,I had the honor to take part in the reception of the delegation throughout this trip.