日本血吸虫抱雌沟蛋白DNA疫苗的研究

为构建含日本血吸虫抱雌沟蛋白(SjGCP)完整ORF的核酸疫苗,评估该核酸疫苗在小鼠体内诱导抗血吸虫感染的免疫保护效果及其保护机制,将编码日本血吸虫大陆株抱雌沟蛋白基因ORF片段克隆到真核表达载体pVAX1中,用重组质粒pVAX1-SjGCP三次肌肉注射BALB/c小鼠,攻击感染血吸虫尾蚴,攻击感染后第42天剖杀小鼠冲虫,计算减虫率及肝和粪便的减卵率,评估其免疫保护效果。用流式细胞术(FCM)检测第3次免疫后小鼠淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8+占总淋巴细胞的百分比及细胞因子IL-4、IFN-γ表达水平,探讨核酸疫苗的免疫机制。结果显示,小鼠经pVAX1-SjGCP质粒免疫后诱导了31.9%的减虫率,以及47.85%、68.04%的肝减卵率和粪便减卵率,与PBS组差异显著;pVAX1-SjGCP免疫组淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8+百分比增加,细胞因子IFN-γ及特异性IgG水平提高,与pVAX1组差异显著。结果表明,血吸虫抱雌沟蛋白基因DNA疫苗能够诱导宿主细胞免疫和体液免疫应答,产生Th1/Th2型混合的细胞免疫反应,具有一定的抗血吸虫感染的免疫保护效果。     

鸡新城疫Ⅰ系疫苗拌料口服免疫效果试验

设立鸡新城疫Ⅰ系疫苗不同剂量拌料口服和1 .0 头份/ 只肌肉注射组,于免疫后180 d 时2 .5 头份/ 只和3 .0头份/ 只口服免疫组的HI 抗体效价均在免疫保护临界域24.0 以上。免疫后210 d 从各组随机抽样,用新城疫病毒F48E8 强毒攻击,结果这两个组的保护率分别为40 % 和100 % 。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎三价灭活疫苗的研究--效力、最小免疫量、免疫持续期和保存期试验

对中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所研制的 8批猪传染性胸膜肺炎三价灭活疫苗进行了效力试验 ,并对其中的 3批疫苗进行了最小免疫量、免疫持续期和保存期试验。结果表明 ,免疫猪对APP(Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae) 1、3、7血清型强毒攻击的近期保护率分别为 91.6%、91.6%和 95 .8% ;免疫剂量为 1mL时 ,对APP 1、3、7血清型强毒攻击的保护率分别为 3 3 .3 %、3 3 .3 %和 5 0 .0 % ;免疫剂量为 2mL时 ,保护率分别为 88.9%、88.9%和 10 0 % ;免疫剂量为 3mL或 4mL时 ,保护率均为 10 0 % ;免疫后 12 0d和 180d时 ,攻毒保护率分别为 10 0 %、88.9%、10 0 %和 88.9%、77.8%、10 0 % ;疫苗经 4～ 8℃保存 180d和 3 60d后 ,攻毒保护率分别为 88.9%、10 0 %、10 0 %和 10 0 %、77.8%、88.9%。     

日本血吸虫重组蛋白LHD-Sj23-GST诱导的细胞免疫应答和免疫保护效果

为探讨日本血吸虫重组蛋白LHD-Sj23-GST与3种不同类型佐剂(弗氏佐剂、ISA 206佐剂、ISA70M佐剂)配伍后免疫小鼠诱导的细胞免疫应答及免疫保护效果,应用流式细胞术检测并比较该重组蛋白配伍3种佐剂3次免疫后小鼠脾细胞中的CD4+、CD8+T细胞及细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10水平;3次免疫后小鼠人工攻击感染日本血吸虫尾蚴,6周后经肝门静脉灌注冲虫,计数各组平均虫体数并计算减虫率。与PBS对照组相比,LHD-Sj23-GST/FA和LHD-Sj23-GST/70M免疫组的CD4+T细胞显著升高(P<0.05),LHD-Sj23-GST/206免疫组未呈现明显变化;3种不同佐剂配伍LHD-Sj23-GST免疫组CD8+T细胞水平均显著降低(P<0.05);与PBS对照组相比,免疫组的IFN-γ及IL-10水平升高,而IL-4水平降低。LHD-Sj23-GST/FA、LHD-Sj23-GST/206和LHD-Sj23-GST/70M免疫组与PBS对照组相比,分别获得65.52%、51.72%和51.72%的减虫率;而相较于各自的佐剂对照组,则分别获得58.76%,26.31%,54.28%的减虫率。结果表明,用重组蛋白LHD-Sj23-GST配伍3种不同类型佐剂免疫小鼠,均刺激产生了偏向Th1型的细胞免疫应答,且都对小鼠诱导了较高的免疫保护作用。     

不同培养液对牛孤雌生殖胚胎和体细胞核移植胚胎体外发育的影响

采用体外成熟的牛卵母细胞 ,经 5 μmol/LIonomycin 5min和 2mmol/L 6 DMAP 5 μg/mLCCB 4h激活 ,分别在TALP M 199(TM ,1∶2 )、BMOC M 199(BM ,1∶2 )和CR1aa培养液内培养 ,2 4h和 3 6h各组卵母细胞的卵裂率分别为5 6.4%、5 5 .6%、5 3 .6%和 72 .0 %、75 .9%、79.0 % ,无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;培养 8d后囊胚发育率分别为 18.2 %、2 1.4%和 2 9.3 % ,CR1aa内培养孤雌生殖胚的囊胚发育率显著高于TM (P <0 .0 1)。皮肤成纤维细胞构建的重组胚经同法激活后 ,分别在TM、BM和CR1aa内培养 ,2 4h和 3 6hBM和CR1aa内重组胚的卵裂率显著高于TM (4 9.7%、49.8%比 2 0 .5 % ;74.1%、73 .2 %比 5 0 .0 % ) (P <0 .0 1) ;虽然培养 8d后各组胚胎的囊胚发育率无显著差异 ,但CR1aa内重组胚的囊胚发育率稍高 (12 .3 %比 9.8%、11.5 % )。结果表明 ,CR1aa更适合孤雌生殖和体细胞核移植胚胎的体外培养。     

兔卵母细胞的孤雌激活

从电脉冲次数、脉冲强度、脉冲间隔时间三方面对兔卵母细胞的孤雌激活进行了研究。结果表明 ,注射HCG后 16h的MⅡ期卵 ,用 1.4kV/cm、6 0 μs的直流脉冲电激 ,脉冲次数分为 1、2、4、8次 4组 ,每次间隔 30min ,随着电激活次数的增加 ,活化率从 4 6 .5 %增加到 95 .8% (P <0 .0 1) ,但是电激活 8次后 ,桑椹胚率却从 6 3.6 %下降到 2 1.2 % ,囊胚率从 2 3.6 %下降到 2 .8%(P <0 .0 1) ;用 6 0 μs的直流脉冲电激 3次 ,每次间隔 30min ,分为 0 .4、1.2、2 .4kV/cm 3组 ,以1.2kV/cm脉冲强度的兔卵母细胞激活较为理想 ,脉冲强度增加到 2 .4kV/cm时 ,卵细胞死亡率升为6 7.1% (P <0 .0 1)。用 1.4kV/cm、6 0 μs的直流脉冲电激 3次 ,电脉冲间隔时间分为 30、12 0、2 4 0min 3组 ,卵细胞活化率分别为 6 8.6 %、91.5 %、91.9% (P <0 .0 1)。     

禽流感H9亚型灭活油乳剂疫苗不同剂量的免疫效果比较

将 4 7只 2 8日龄SPF鸡分为 4组 ,第 1～ 3组为试验组 ,每组 12只 ,分别肌肉注射禽流感H9亚型灭活油乳剂疫苗 0 .1、0 .3、0 .5mL/只 ,第 4组 11只为对照组。各组鸡在免疫后 1、2、3周采血 ,测定H9抗体水平 ;在免疫后 3周用 1∶10稀释的AIV H9N2攻毒 ,0 .2mL/只。攻毒后第2、3、4周继续测定H9抗体水平 ,观察了疫苗对鸡的保护效果。结果显示 ,0 .5mL/只剂量的免疫效果比 0 .1mL/只和 0 .3mL/只剂量的免疫效果好 ;攻毒用的AIV H9N2的致病力低 ,对所有试验鸡均不致死。     

猪瘟流行区仔猪免疫程序的研究

将配种前猪瘟疫苗免疫母猪所产仔猪分为 4、2、2头份和 4、4、4头份 2组 ,分别于 2 5、40、60日龄进行首免、二免和三免 ,并在 3 9、5 8、90、180日龄时 ,用IHA法检测血清抗体水平。结果 ,2组猪的群体阳性率分别为 90 .6%、92 .6%、96.2 %、88.0 %和 93 .8%、88.9%、10 0 %、88.0 % ,平均抗体效价分别为 1∶10 3、1∶96、1∶15 9、1∶2 2和 1∶85、1∶85、1∶15 0、1∶64 ,2组之间差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。该免疫程序经在猪瘟流行的某规模化猪场采用后迅速、有效地控制了疫情。证明该程序在生产中应用是可行的 ,比乳前免疫操作简便、效果可靠     

日本血吸虫保护性单克隆抗体SSj14识别模拟表位的筛选及其免疫原性分析

为分析日本血吸虫保护性单抗SSj14的模拟表位,观察其免疫保护作用,利用SSj14单抗筛选富集噬菌体的随机六肽库,应用免疫印迹法确定阳性克隆并分析其核苷酸序列,采用竞争ELISA法分析阳性克隆的抗原性,用筛选的阳性噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠进行日本血吸虫病免疫保护试验,计算减虫效果,并用ELISA法检测小鼠免疫前后的特异性抗体水平。结果显示,经3轮富集筛选后,免疫印迹法鉴定到4个阳性克隆,它们对SSj14单抗的抑制率分别为20.0%、40.8%、58.6%、61.5%,并分别在小鼠中诱导了7.42%、9.43%、11.74%、22.30%的减虫率。用噬菌体克隆免疫的小鼠均产生了较高水平的特异性抗体。结果表明,筛选到的阳性噬菌体克隆和SSj14单抗有较高的亲和力,并诱导了抗小鼠日本血吸虫的部分保护效果。     

日本血吸虫重组多表位核酸疫苗的构建与免疫保护效果评估

为构建重组日本血吸虫多表位核酸疫苗,并通过小鼠免疫保护试验比较不同重组多表位疫苗诱导的免疫保护效果,筛选并以PCR方法扩增日本血吸虫抱雌沟蛋白(SjGCP)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(Sj28GST)的抗原表位和23ku膜抗原大亲水区(LHD-Sj23)的编码DNA片段,构建了pCMV-LHD-Sj23-BSj28,pCMV-BGCP-LHD-Sj23,pCMV-BGCP-LHD-Sj23-BSj28三种日本血吸虫多表位核酸疫苗;采用肌肉注射法接种昆明系小鼠;用日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染后,剖杀小鼠,计算减虫率。结果显示,3种重组的真核表达质粒在免疫小鼠中分别获得了6.30%,14.76%和64.95%的减虫率。表明该重组多表位核酸疫苗可诱导较高的免疫保护效果,获得的三价核酸疫苗pCMV-BGCP-LHD-Sj23-BSj28具有潜在的应用价值。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.     

My Journey to Artistic Peak

正I was born in a doctor’s family in a village in Heze,Shandong Province.Since the ancient times,Heze has been home to many painters and literature masters due to the influence of Confucianism.My grandfather and greatgrandfather were both good at calligraphy,not least to mention their medical skills.Even by now,senior people in our village still praise them for it.Both of them had deceased before I was born.     

Sidelights on Australian and New Zealand's Rotary Club Delegation's Visit to China

正At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 6-member Australian and New Zealand’s Rotary Club delegation visited China from September 23 to September 27.As a staff member of CAFIU,I had the honor to take part in the reception of the delegation throughout this trip.