解析美俄欧在乌克兰危机中的战略博弈

2013年末爆发的乌克兰危机一波三折,局势不断恶化。作为危机的外部直接参与方,美国、俄罗斯和欧盟在乌克兰展开激烈博弈。美欧对基辅独立广场示威活动以及推翻亚努科维奇政权给予支持,而俄罗斯也随即采取报复措施,将克里米亚半岛并入俄版图,西方为此对俄实施冷战后最大规模经济制裁。尽管,俄美欧各方积极参与解决乌克兰危机的外交斡旋活动,但三方在乌克兰危机中各有战略考量,不断对乌克兰施加各自的影响,使得乌克兰国内局势变得更加复杂,前景难以预测。     

乌克兰危机背景下的大国博弈及其对国际安全格局的影响

2013年11月，亚努科维奇宣布拒绝与欧盟签署自由贸易协定引发大规模的反政府示威，继之而来的是亚努科维奇下台、克里米亚公投入俄、乌克兰东部顿涅茨克州和卢甘斯克州宣布独立，以及东部地区的武装冲突。乌克兰危机具有复杂的历史经纬和现实矛盾，既有乌克兰的国内矛盾，又有俄、美、欧之间的大国博弈。梳理乌克兰危机的演变过程，分析乌克兰国内因素和俄美欧大国博弈间的相互作用，可以对乌克兰局势的走向和国际安全战略格局的新变化做出判断，并提出中国应如何对待乌克兰危机。     

乌克兰危机的历史经纬与现实启示

乌克兰政治危机迅速演变为美欧与俄罗斯之间争夺乌克兰的对抗,并导致克里米亚脱乌入俄,这是近些年来推动世界格局进一步变化的重大事件,其后续效应深远。乌克兰危机的爆发有其深刻的历史根源和文化背景,加上其国内政治、经济、社会问题积重难返和西方插手而导致,如果乌克兰从此成为美欧同俄罗斯角力的前哨阵地,不仅可能导致乌克兰局势的进一步复杂化,而且也将毁掉美欧试图把俄罗斯纳入与西方合作的国际体系的希望。解决乌克兰危机的唯一出路还是在于各方通过谈判实现。从乌克兰危机的演变过程可以得出以下启示:冷战尚未结束;美国霸权还在衰弱;中国执行正确的外交政策进一步提高了国际地位。     

“北溪-2”管道建设与俄美欧能源博弈北大核心

2019年末,美国出台针对"北溪-2"天然气管道的制裁法案迫使该项目建设中断,俄罗斯、欧盟与美国围绕该项目的博弈引发国际社会的广泛关注,体现了各方在能源问题背后的战略考量。欧盟力顶美国压力放行"北溪-2"管道建设反映了其在能源领域的自主战略意图。俄罗斯则是希望通过发展与欧盟能源合作,从西方制裁中谋求战略突破。美国除了考虑其国内天然气出口外,同时担心俄、欧在能源领域的关系改善减少其遏制俄罗斯的筹码。2020年全球疫情暴发引起的国际能源局势变化对"北溪-2"管道建设产生新的影响。一旦"北溪-2"管道投入运营,可能会实现欧洲对美国能源权力的"再平衡",因俄美欧博弈而扭曲的欧洲能源格局也可能得到重新调整。     

拜登政府对俄政策演进的特征、动因及限度

拜登执政初期，美国对俄政策出现新变化，呈现明显的双轨特征。一方面，拜登政府以价值观为引领继续对俄保持强硬；另一方面，美国一度寻求构建“稳定且可预期”的双边关系，积极推动美俄战略稳定对话。然而，乌克兰危机迫使拜登政府不得不二次调整对俄政策，联合盟友通过全面制裁和政治孤立实现“弱俄“以“遏俄”的战略目标。传统建制派回归及两党执政理念差异，对俄战略“三观”的延续与调整以及中国、欧洲等第三方因素是拜登政府对俄政策演进的主要动因。乌克兰危机长期延宕导致美国战略界逐步出现对俄政策反思，国内民众也更不愿承受对俄强硬的代价，美国对俄政策存在一定回调空间。但由于美俄面临地缘政治和战略认知冲突、结构性矛盾以及美国国内政治束缚，美国对俄政策演进有其限度，美俄关系难以本质逆转。同时，乌克兰危机引发美俄欧新一轮剧烈互动与博弈，深刻塑造大国关系格局，中国应在变局中抢抓机遇，为自身发展塑造良好的外部战略环境。     

乌克兰危机背景下的北约改革

乌克兰危机引发美欧与俄罗斯之间激烈对抗。北约承担了美欧与俄罗斯军事竞争的主要压力,冷战后开启的改革进程出现转折,将集体防御提升为联盟首要宗旨,指认俄罗斯为主要安全威胁,并制定加强集体防御的军事纲领,推动与乌克兰当局的军事、政治合作。由于俄与美欧的角力仍在进行当中,联盟内部对俄政策存在分歧,北约未来发展具有很大的不确定性。     

大国博弈背景下的俄罗斯中东政策

2010年12月以来,伴随西亚北非国家局势不稳定,在世界政治版图中位于欧亚非交汇处的中东格局开始再现动荡,美国、俄罗斯等大国的地区博弈依次上演。自从俄罗斯以叙利亚危机为切入点深度介入中东局势后,中东战略格局发生了显著变化。本文将从俄罗斯与阿拉伯国家、伊朗和土耳其、以色列等维度来评估其政策现状及其政策得失及对局势的影响,继而分析美国、欧盟等大国的中东战略:俄美、美欧、俄欧之间在具体利益博弈上均有分歧,这导致了中东格局中的变量增加。俄罗斯在博弈中采取"实用主义"外交,并取得了一定成效,但同时也面临着地缘、利益协调、民生压力等多重挑战。     

俄罗斯与欧盟关系：目标实现困难重重？

俄罗斯与欧盟合作尽管态势良好，但成效甚微，欧盟扩张后更是陷入深刻危机。本文认为，除几乎在方方面面均为不对等的合作者因素外，俄欧双方在目标和期望上的不对称性亦是重要诱因。而能源以及后苏联空间则是俄欧博弈的主要内容。俄欧双方都在致力于构建新的合作模式，但由于分歧过多，不会一帆风顺。     

2015年的乌克兰危机与俄罗斯的选择

乌克兰危机是2014年最大的国际热点问题之一。乌克兰危机的直接原因是2013年乌克兰抛弃了东西方平衡战略,选择与欧盟签署联系国协定,准备与欧盟进行实质性的战略合作。乌克兰亚努科维奇总统犯了颠覆性的错误,在俄罗斯和欧盟之间不恰当地选边站:先是与欧盟接近,随后"暂时停止"与欧盟签署联系国协定,最后又倒向俄罗斯。乌克兰外交政策在短时期内大幅度摇摆,严重动摇了自身的战略地位并造成了其国内政治和社会的高度分裂。从大国博弈方面来看,欧盟寄希望于与乌克兰     

欧盟“东部伙伴关系”计划:意图、推进与问题

欧盟"东部伙伴关系"计划实施五年来,已构筑了对东部邻国基于双边和多边关系的治理网络,双方在加强政治对话、增进经贸往来、促进司法和内政事务合作方面取得了一些成效。但由于入盟前景未包含在该计划中,欧盟对东部邻国的义务感和财政资源投入逊于入盟目标国,且东部伙伴国在深化与欧盟关系的意愿与步伐上并不一致,欧盟东部周边治理难以取得预期成效。俄罗斯视"东部伙伴关系"计划挤压其"势力范围"而不断抵制。2013年底欧盟推进与乌克兰双边合作的步骤激化了俄欧地缘政治博弈,乌克兰危机的持续效应使欧盟不得不对"东部伙伴关系"计划进行调整。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.     

My Journey to Artistic Peak

正I was born in a doctor’s family in a village in Heze,Shandong Province.Since the ancient times,Heze has been home to many painters and literature masters due to the influence of Confucianism.My grandfather and greatgrandfather were both good at calligraphy,not least to mention their medical skills.Even by now,senior people in our village still praise them for it.Both of them had deceased before I was born.     

Sidelights on Australian and New Zealand's Rotary Club Delegation's Visit to China

正At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a 6-member Australian and New Zealand’s Rotary Club delegation visited China from September 23 to September 27.As a staff member of CAFIU,I had the honor to take part in the reception of the delegation throughout this trip.