城市规划与防控犯罪之理论初探

通过城市规划来预防和控制犯罪是一项社会系统工程 ,也是一门新兴学科。城市规划在预防城市犯罪方面的作用主要体现在其可以从环境空间的宏观及微观结构的角度来抑制和消除城市犯罪的各种隐患。宏观方面主要可以通过城镇体系规划及城市总体规划来着手落实 ;微观上可以通过对城市分区规划及城市详细规划来实施 ,其实质是要求在城市建设过程中创设一个可防卫空间     

城市化进程中我国城市住区犯罪空间防控探索——基于CPTED理论视角下对我国城市住区的个案考察

城市住区是犯罪的高发区域。目前,＂通过环境设计预防犯罪＂模式（CPTED）在国外发展迅速,影响广泛。许多国家的政府和民间机构将该模式运用到社区建设中,效果显著。该模式根据自然监视、接近控制、强化领域、活动支持、维护保养等原则,对城市住区环境进行合理规划、设计与改造,以减少犯罪、提高居民生活品质。在此视角下,通过个案考察我国城市住区犯罪的空间与时间分布、空间因素与犯罪及居民安全感之间的关系可知,我国城市住区环境在犯罪预防功能上存在较大缺陷。因此,在充分运用各种现有犯罪防控手段的同时,应大力加强犯罪空间防控方面的比较研究与实证研究,借鉴国外经验,完善现有法律与标准,并积极引导、强化落实,开辟犯罪防控的新路径。     

道德“立法”是犯罪预防的内在控制因素

犯罪预防的措施目前主要有条件预防、刑罚预防、被害预防等,它们在实际工作中发挥着各自的作用,但这些措施多从远离犯罪个体的外部客观环境考虑预防犯罪.基于犯罪的本质为道德异常这一观点,以康德"人的理性为自己立法"为哲学依据,道德"立法"的概念是成立的,其在犯罪预防的现实中也是必要的,可行的.合理有效的犯罪预防体系应是以道德预防为中心,其他具体预防措施为辅助,各种预防措施互为依存,互为补充,才能相得益彰.     

在预防犯罪中警察作用之比较

西方警察三级预防犯罪的理论由远期发案控制、近期发案控制和发案后控制组成。也有的分为犯罪行为预防、情景预防、社区犯罪预防。本文采用犯罪行为前预防、犯罪行为中预防、犯罪行为后预防的分类模式 ,对国内外警察在预防犯罪中的作用进行比较研究。预防犯罪的关键在于社区 ,但不应忽视警察在预防犯罪工作中的协调和指导作用。警察在了解犯罪情况和犯罪的客观规律方面有着天然的优势条件 ,理应突出警察部门在犯罪预防主体体系中的首要地位。     

评英国犯罪预防的理论、政策与实践

从英国犯罪预防经验中应得到的启示:1.强化情景预防,减少易于犯罪分子作案的机会和条件,对不同类型的犯罪确定不同的预防重点与措施;2.情景预防的开展,必须以熟悉犯罪发生的时间、地点等情景为前提,因此警察是情景预防最为适宜的具体规划者和指导者;3.密切理论与实际的联系,犯罪理论工作者应针对现实斗争的需要开展实证理论研究,决策者要主动吸收中外犯罪预防的有益成果;4.动员更加广泛的部门和社会力量投入到犯罪预防中来,加强犯罪预防知识的普及性宣传工作,形成全民预防犯罪的局面。文章建议公安部应该建立起一个犯罪预防方面的规划、指导部门。     

试论犯罪的预防场

犯罪预防和犯罪是相互作用的两种社会现象。犯罪预防与犯罪在本质上的对抗使犯罪预防场的存在成为可能。犯罪预防场本身有其特有的组合因素和结构 ,由于这些因素的相互作用使预防犯罪和犯罪两种社会现象在彼此的运动中出现效益的牵制 ,而犯罪预防场的功能主要在于在这种效益牵制中实现预防效益的最大化。     

犯罪预防理论与实践

对犯罪预防概念的理解有广义和狭义两种:广义的犯罪预防概念包括一切防止犯罪、惩罚犯罪和预防犯罪的活动;狭义的犯罪预防概念将特殊预防和犯罪再犯预防排除在犯罪预防概念之外。因此必须严格加以区分,认识其合理性及局限性,在犯罪预防实践中坚持正确的原则,并在此原则指导下,建构我国可具操作性的综合犯罪预防模式,即坚持社会预防、正确运用刑罚预防、加强情景预防、倡导被害预防、建立健全犯罪预防机构。     

犯罪的情境预防

犯罪的情境预防是指在具体的时空内有效控制犯罪目标以减少犯罪机会的犯罪预防方法。其内容包括犯罪对象预防和犯罪环境预防。犯罪对象预防通过对易遭受侵害的对象予以物质性加固增加犯罪的难度以减少犯罪 ;犯罪环境预防包括环境监视和环境设计管理。     

学校犯罪预防教育透视

学校属于初级与次级犯罪预防教育机构,是犯罪预防体系的重要环节,正取代家庭犯罪预防的某些功能,发挥着专门机构无法替代的作用。这些作用可以从一般预防、虞犯预防、矫正预防以及物质预防等方面体现出来。在犯罪预防模式中,必须充分发挥教师的潜能。教师在这方面扮演着鉴别和处理问题学生、避免标签化等关键角色。为实现犯罪预防计划,学校的校长必须认识到预防学生犯罪的重要性,并有计划地对老师进行教育训练,同时还要整合社会多种资源,以形成预防犯罪的合力。     

犯罪预防的新思路与实践--英国《犯罪与扰乱秩序法》述评

英国目前所采取的犯罪预防措施是以1998年出台的<犯罪与扰乱秩序法>为中心.该法共有122条,主要内容17项,其中有13项直接与预防青少年犯罪相关.该法有以下几个特点立法以实证调查为背景;立法体现以预防犯罪为主;预防犯罪以未成年人为重点对象;淡化刑罚,扩大非监禁刑;立法体现刑事政策即社会政策.这些新的思路和司法实践都值得我们了解与借鉴.     

谈“预防为主、防消结合”

火的出现彻底改变了原始人类茹毛饮血的生活、加快了人类与文明的发展。但是火既可以服从人们的意志、造福于人类．也会违反人们的意志、造成很大的危害。古人说得好“火善用之则为福，否之则为祸。”要做好消防工作．必须认真贯彻“预防为主、防消结合”的方针，这一方针就是要把同火灾作斗争的两个基本手段——预防和扑救有机地结合起来．它对于有效杜绝各类火灾事故发生、减少火灾损失是很有必要的，也是具有重大现实意义的。     

论“两抢”犯罪的特点及侦防对策

"两抢"案件系在街面、公共复杂场所以及偏僻路段实施抢夺、抢劫的案件."两抢"犯罪具有团伙作案多、作案时间短、手段多、防范难、逃窜快、不易侦破等特点.对此,文章详尽地阐述了公安机关应整合力量,建立打击"两抢"犯罪的网络体系,组建打击"两抢"犯罪专业队伍,控制销赃渠道,加强装备,引入竞争、奖励机制,采取和强化横向协作、宣传群众等侦查对策和预防对策.     

“艾滋针”抢劫犯罪的特点及其侦防对策分析

在困扰全国社会治安的＂飞车抢夺＂犯罪还未真正得以控制时,近年来在全国各地又出现了＂艾滋针＂抢劫犯罪。该类犯罪由多方原因引起,而且犯罪升级快,真假难辨,社会危害性巨大。对该类犯罪的侦防应当修补法律漏洞、强化快速反应机制,控制犯罪工具源头,提升群众的治安积极性,强化对吸毒人员的管理,使用诱捕侦查措施。     

Prevention of Victimization

SUMMARY

Children are frequently exposed to violence at school or in their neighborhood, resulting in multiple negative psychological effects, including anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, isolation, hopelessness, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The present study evaluated the unique prevention program implemented in inner city parks designed to prevent the development of short- and long-term consequences of exposure to chronic violence. Results indicated that participants benefited significantly from the program, as evidenced by a decrease in endorsement of submissive conflict resolution strategies and behavioral problems. Higher self-esteem was related to increased program gains. Gender emerged as another moderator, while age was unrelated to improvement.     

财务人员职务犯罪的预防

财务人员利用职务进行犯罪活动,制度设计欠缺、执行不力、检查不严是重要外因。如何预防财务人员特有的职务犯罪问题是财务管理和审计监察部门的共同责任。     

School Violence Prevention

Abstract

School violence has many faces and many casualties. In varying degrees it touches students, parents, educators and communities of every school world wide. At the local level, communities are seen as playing a significant role in violence prevention. Generally, community-based violence prevention approaches involve the assessment of local problems, identification of target issues, selection of a range of interventions, and the encouragement of collaboration among civic groups, the juvenile justice system, local leaders, and young people themselves. These programs are generally judged as successful if they are able to address risk factors effectively for individual youths, strengthen those factors that provide protection and enhance resiliency, provide sufficient support and effective supervision, and increase pro-social attitudes by providing youth with a sense of having an increased stake in their local communities. Although too few educators are aware of its impact, the women's community has been involved in this work for decades. In this paper I discuss the results of interviews with members of the women's community in Atlantic Canada who have developed proactive violence prevention initiatives. I will concentrate on their efforts to bring those programs into the schools and their experiences of the successes and challenges they encounter.     

School Violence Prevention

Abstract

Objective: This study was designed to describe the level of violence in three high schools and to test the effects of universal and targeted strategies to reduce this violence.

Design:A repeated measures design with two baseline scores and two intervention scores was used during a two year period. Two rural high schools served as control schools with a single intervention high school.

Participants: All freshmen at the three high schools completed a self-report measure of school violence; 420 completed the study at the end of their sophomore year.

Method: Multiple universal and targeted interventions to prevent school violence were used for slightly more than one year. Scores on student Victimization and Perpetration, gathered one year apart, were compared using a pre-test post-test model.

Findings: Student reports of perpetration at the intervention school were significantly lower than the combined scores at the control school. Students, teachers, and administrators reported improved awareness, knowledge, and skills to implement violence prevention programs.

Conclusions: A comprehensive program that includes university and high school partnerships has the capability to reduce school violence during a short period. Despite limitations to the study, continued use of research partnerships to decrease school violence is war-ranted.     

爆炸恐怖犯罪与防爆对策

近期在世界各地发生了多起震撼性的爆炸恐怖犯罪事件,给人们造成了巨大的心理影响。研究制定有效的防爆对策,有力地打击恐怖主义活动,是各国警方的当务之急。文章着重对爆炸恐怖犯罪的特点及防爆对策提出见解。