论侦查机关内设鉴定机构的法律性质

刑事侦查机关内设鉴定机构所从事的司法鉴定活动的法律定性在理论上尚存争议。从司法鉴定的性质看,对鉴定人与鉴定机构的关系剖析基础上论证侦查机关内设鉴定机构实行自然人鉴定人制度．并对其独立性及回避等诉讼程序问题进行探讨。     

侦查机关内设鉴定机构鉴定问题的透视与分析——13起错案涉及鉴定问题的展开

鉴定结论被人们誉为"科学证据"。通过对13起错案涉及有关鉴定问题的透视,发现这一"殊荣"因侦查机关内设鉴定机构的"问题鉴定"使某些鉴定结论成了错案的"帮凶",这不仅导致了案件事实的错认,造成了司法不公正,同时降低了司法鉴定的公信力,最终影响了诉讼效率。我国司法鉴定制度改革在取消人民法院和司法行政部门内设鉴定机构的同时,准许侦查机关内设鉴定机构,这种制度是否合理值得进一步研究。     

侦查机关内设鉴定机构鉴定问题的透视与分析——13起错案涉及鉴定问题的展开

鉴定结论被人们誉为“科学证据”。通过对13起错案涉及有关鉴定问题的透视，发现这一“殊荣”因侦查机关内设鉴定机构的“问题鉴定”使某些鉴定结论成了错案的“帮凶”，这不仅导致了案件事实的错认，造成了司法不公正，同时降低了司法鉴定的公信力，最终影响了诉讼效率。我国司法鉴定制度改革在取消人民法院和司法行政部门内设鉴定机构的同时，准许侦查机关内设鉴定机构，这种制度是否合理值得进一步研究。     

检察机关如何执行《全国人大常委会关才司法鉴定管理问题的决定》的几点思考

《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》第七条规定：“侦查机关根据侦查工作的需要设立的鉴定机构，不得面向社会接受委托从事司法鉴定业务。人民法院和司法行政部门不得设立鉴定机构。”保留了侦查机关的鉴定机构，在刑事诉讼中，公安机关、检察院为侦查工作需要进行的司法鉴定活动具有合法性，其出具的司法鉴定依然可以当作证据使用，并具有法律效力。《决定》实施后，检察机关应加强对司法鉴定的文证审查；应当告知鉴定人有出庭作证的义务。要注重落实诉讼过程中，当事人对鉴定意见有异议的解决办法。     

中国司法鉴定体制的进一步改革——以侦查机关鉴定机构的设置为中心

司法鉴定机构设置不合理是我国司法鉴定制度的一个严重问题.2005年全国人大常委会<关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定>规定法院和司法行政机关的鉴定机构必须撤销,但侦查机关根据侦查工作需要可以设立鉴定机构.本文在深入考察主要国家和地区鉴定机构的设置及发展趋势、分析中国与这些国家和地区相关制度差别的基础上,认为其理由难以证明我国保留侦查机关鉴定机构具有正当性.在此基础上,本文对我国司法鉴定体制进一步改革的理想目标与现实选择进行了设计和论证.     

论司法鉴定机构的公益性建设

从属性上分析。司法鉴定应当是政府着力提供的一种公共服务,具有公益属性,作为司法鉴定依托的司法鉴定机构应该以公益性建设为主导的价值方向。为侦查服务的侦查机关内设鉴定机构具有天然的公益性,但实践中出现的一系列问题也使其公益性出现偏位．从而引起人们对其公益性的质疑。在全国人大常委会《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》指引下的司法鉴定机构建设过程中,应该避免社会司法鉴定机构走向市场化的竞争域,从而保障鉴定意见这一法定证据的公正性、客观性和中立性。从现行鉴定体制出发,以建设国立司法鉴定机构为向导,使司法鉴定机构走向公益性的良性发展道路．是所要探讨的一个核心问题。国家级司法鉴定机构的公布,标志着我国司法鉴定机构公益性建设的开端．以此为契机,应认真思考公益性建设的进路。     

试析司法鉴定管理中的“备案登记”

通过对旨在建立统一司法鉴定管理制度的侦查机关鉴定机构和鉴定人＂备案登记＂制度的性质分析,揭示其实质意义,以及对该项制度存在的问题及其深层次的原因进行了分析。     

鉴定机构性质辨析

司法鉴定的社会化加剧了鉴定机构经济利益与社会公信力之间的矛盾,引发了人们对鉴定机构性质定位的思考与讨论。鉴定机构究竟应定位为商业服务机构,还是公益性的服务机构,成为争论的焦点。笔者从分析司法鉴定机构的四个属性入手,提出鉴定机构应当具有独立性、中立性、服务性和公益性。鉴定机构公益性的理论和实践依据包括:鉴定活动的本质决定了鉴定机构应当具有一定的公益性;司法鉴定的专业性决定了其无法完全实现市场化;司法鉴定全面市场化将产生一系列不良后果。基于对鉴定机构性质的这一认识,我们应当加强司法鉴定管理,对特殊专业领域的鉴定机构进行扶持,并应尽快明确鉴定机构的收费标准。     

论司法鉴定职能与审判权的分离

本文从审判机关设立司法鉴定机构的瑕疵以及司法鉴定的根本属性__中立性论述了鉴定职能从审判机关分离并由行业组织承担的客观性、必然性,也对行业组织承担鉴定活动的制度保障进行了论述。     

论我国刑事鉴定意见审查判断权的实现

法官对鉴定意见的审查判断是裁判权的重要内容.而我国司法实践中,法官对鉴定意见的审查判断往往流于形式,鉴定意见的采信率极高.其主要原因在于:鉴定意见基本由侦查机关内设的鉴定机构作出,法官难以触及鉴定过程、法官鉴定意见实质性审查判断能力不足,以及公检法一体化司法体制使得法官往往忽视对鉴定意见的审查.鉴定意见审查判断权的实现除需要分离侦查机关内设的鉴定机构、逐步完善专家辅助人制度和建立专家陪审员制度外,还有赖于司法逐步走向独立.     

患方拒绝鉴定可能承担败诉后果

在医疗纠纷民事诉讼中,医疗机构提出进行医疗事故技术鉴定或法医学鉴定的申请,是一种履行举证责任的行为。然而,举证责任是可以转换的,它既可能从原告方转换到被告方,也可能从被告方转换到原告方。如果患者一方不配合鉴定或者拒绝鉴定,导致医疗责任不能认定,举证责任就从医方转换到患方,可能带来对患方不利的诉讼后果。因此,在医疗纠纷诉讼中,双方当事人要善于利用举证责任转换的概念,在法律规定的范围内,更好地维护自己的合法权益。     

中国刑事案件中的涉鉴上访及其治理

在中国刑事程序中,涉鉴上访现象频频发生,且相对集中于死亡原因、损伤程度等法医鉴定领域,它被当事人视为不满公安、司法机关鉴定意见时最常见的诉讼外救济措施和抗争策略。然而,涉鉴上访,尤其是重复上访、越级上访、多头上访等形式,却颠覆了程序自治,使案件争议久拖不决,司法权威一落千丈。涉鉴上访存在的众多问题在实践中固然有一定合理性,但目前却亟须国家重点治理,其核心措施在于建立"过程导向信任"的鉴定机制,利用程序的开放性与主体的多方参与性,吸纳与化解当事人对鉴定过程与结果的不满;将当事人上访作为例外的"底限救济"权。     

Missing persons-missing data: the need to collect antemortem dental records of missing persons

The subject of missing persons is of great concern to the community with numerous associated emotional, financial, and health costs. This paper examines the forensic medical issues raised by the delayed identification of individuals classified as "missing" and highlights the importance of including dental data in the investigation of missing persons. Focusing on Australia, the current approaches employed in missing persons investigations are outlined. Of particular significance is the fact that each of the eight Australian states and territories has its own Missing Persons Unit that operates within distinct state and territory legislation. Consequently, there is a lack of uniformity within Australia about the legal and procedural framework within which investigations of missing persons are conducted, and the interaction of that framework with coronial law procedures. One of the main investigative problems in missing persons investigations is the lack of forensic medical, particularly, odontological input. Forensic odontology has been employed in numerous cases in Australia where identity is unknown or uncertain because of remains being skeletonized, incinerated, or partly burnt. The routine employment of the forensic odontologist to assist in missing person inquiries, has however, been ignored. The failure to routinely employ forensic odontology in missing persons inquiries has resulted in numerous delays in identification. Three Australian cases are presented where the investigation of individuals whose identity was uncertain or unknown was prolonged due to the failure to utilize the appropriate (and available) dental resources. In light of the outcomes of these cases, we suggest that a national missing persons dental records database be established for future missing persons investigations. Such a database could be easily managed between a coronial system and a forensic medical institute. In Australia, a national missing persons dental records database could be incorporated into the National Coroners Information System (NCIS) managed, on behalf of Australia's Coroners, by the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine. The existence of the NCIS would ensure operational collaboration in the implementation of the system and cost savings to Australian policing agencies involved in missing person inquiries. The implementation of such a database would facilitate timely and efficient reconciliation of clinical and postmortem dental records and have subsequent social and financial benefits.     

声调特征在言语识别技术中的价值

在我国经济与社会快速发展以及同违法犯罪作斗争的新形势下,言语识别技术在侦查以至整个诉讼过程中的作用越来越突出。对汉语语音的声调特征作简要介绍,探讨和阐述了其在言语识别技术中的重要价值：一是汉语方言中调类和调值特征具有突出的差异性,二是通过方言区推广普通话以及外族人和外国人的汉语习得,反映出汉语声调特征具有极强的稳固性。     

人体损伤程度鉴定的演绎推理模式

人体损伤程度鉴定从属于法医临床学,是源于司法实践的需要,从医学发展而来的一门技术,具有很强的实践性和社会性,其主要功能是为诉讼,特别是为刑事诉讼提供鉴定结论。法律制度层面的设计,从抽象的标准出发,评价诉讼中的具体损伤,决定了其常见的论证模式是演绎推理。     

影像医学在法医学中的应用

个体识别在法庭科学调查中一直是重要的工作,它包括:性别、身高、年龄的推断等。在法庭科学领域中利用影像医学技术进行个体识别,在准确性、实用性方面有特别的意义。本文目的旨在通过广泛系统地回顾国内外法庭科学中的影像学应用,了解现有医学影像技术在法庭科学应用中的优点和不足之处,为进一步完善医学影像学在法庭科学中的应用提供参考。     

Forensic investigations in cyberspace for civil proceedings

This article considers some of the legal issues raised when private entities are seeking forensic data from Internet‐based activities for the purpose of civil proceedings. It focuses on the identification of potential defendants and the obtaining of evidence in the course of its transmission. Existing law, legislative proposals and case law are examined in terms of appropriately balancing the rights of the claimant, defendant and third‐party communication providers.     

法医毒物鉴定结果科学表述模式的思考

法医毒物鉴定报告是毒物鉴定结果的表述模式。通过对国内外毒物鉴定报告形式和内涵的比较分析,认为我国现行按照《司法鉴定程序通则》规定出具的通用型的毒物鉴定报告尚不够专业、严谨、科学、充分,由于毒物鉴定报告的简约性和模糊性,证据的可靠性、科学性尚存在质疑,毒物分析结果的有效、充分利用尚不能实现。据此,提出毒物鉴定结果表述模式的建议。     

CT在法医人类学中的应用与展望

计算机X线断层摄影术具有分辨率高、成像清晰、可进行三维重建等优点,对骨骼和牙齿的成像效果较好。近十年来,国外有学者将其用于推断年龄和身高,判定种族和性别,在相关文献中介绍了有关的研究方法和数据,并对这些方法和数据在法医人类学个体识别中的应用价值进行了客观的评估。笔者对近几年发表的部分文献进行综述,希望能够为法医人类学科研和办案提供新的方法和思路。     

Identifying background microbiomes in an evidence recovery laboratory: A preliminary study

16S rRNA profiling of bacterial communities may have forensic utility in the identification or association of individuals involved with criminal activities. Microbial profiling of evidence may, in the future, be performed within environments currently utilised for human DNA recovery, such as a forensic biology laboratory. It would be important to establish the background microbiome of such an environment to determine the potential presence of human or environmental microbial signatures to assist forensic scientists in the appropriate interpretation of target microbial communities. This study sampled various surfaces of an Evidence Recovery Laboratory (ERL) on three occasions including (a) before a monthly deep-clean, (b) immediately following the deep-clean, and (c) immediately after the laboratory’s use by a single participant for the purposes of routine item examinations. Microbial profiles were also generated for the involved participant and researcher for comparison purposes. Additionally, human nuclear DNA was profiled for each of the samples collected, using standard forensic profiling techniques, to provide a prospective link to the presence or absence of a background microbial signature within the ERL after its use. Taxonomic distributions across ERL samples revealed no consistent signature of any of the items sampled over time, however, major phyla noted within all ERL samples across the three timepoints were consistent with those found in human skin microbiomes. PCoA plots based on the Unweighted Unifrac metric revealed some clustering between participant microbial reference samples and surfaces of the ERL after use, suggesting that despite a lack of direct contact, and adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs) suitable for human DNA recovery, microbiomes may be deposited into a forensic setting over time. The reference samples collected from the involved participant and researcher generated full STR profiles. Human DNA was observed to varying degrees in samples taken from the ERL across each of the sampling timepoints. There was no correlation observed between samples that contained or did not contain detectable quantities of human nuclear DNA and microbial profile outputs.