阿维菌素对体外培养王鸽神经细胞内游离钙离子浓度及CaM mRNA表达的影响

提取美国王鸽8～9日龄鸽胚脑神经细胞进行体外培养,按照阿维菌素(AVM)染毒的剂量分成4组,分别为0ìg/L(Ⅰ组)、2.5 ìg/L(Ⅱ组)、5 ìg/L(Ⅲ组)和10 ìg/L(Ⅳ组),染毒24 h后,用MTT法进行细胞活性检测,应用荧光探针法检测细胞内游离Ca2+浓度,应用半定量RT-PCR法检测细胞内CaM mRNA的表达水平.结果显示,AVM能够引起王鸽神经细胞内游离Ca2+浓度升高,CaM mRNA表达水平下降.表明AVM能影响王鸽体外培养神经细胞内的钙稳态.     

三氧化二砷对鸡马立克氏病肿瘤细胞凋亡的影响

研究了三氧化二砷(As2O3)对诱导鸡马立克氏病(MD)肿瘤细胞株MDCC-MSB1细胞凋亡相关基因Fas、Caspase-3 mRNA表达及Caspase-3活性的影响,进而探讨了As203诱导MD肿瘤细胞株凋亡的机制.以体外培养MDCC-MSB1为研究对象,经终浓度分别为0、2、4和8μmol/L的As2O3.作用48 h后,采用荧光显微镜观察细胞的形态学变化,DNA Ladder法检测细胞凋亡情况,RT-PCR方法检测Fas、Caspase3 mRNA的表达水平,试剂盒比色法检测Caspase-3活性的变化.结果表明,As2 O3能引起典型的凋亡形态学变化,并出现典型的DNA Ladder,同时Fas、Caspase-3 mRNA的表达水平和Caspase-3活性均增加,组间差异均极显著(P＜0.01),呈现剂量依赖性.证实 As2O3诱导鸡MD肿瘤细胞株MDCC-MSB1细胞凋亡是通过增加Fas、Caspase-3 mRNA的表达和提高Caspase-3活性来实现的.     

线粒体复合物与氧化应激在锰致鸡胚神经细胞凋亡中的作用

为探讨线粒体复合物及氧化应激在锰致体外培养鸡胚脑神经细胞凋亡中的作用,以体外培养的鸡胚脑神经元为研究对象,在含终浓度为0、1.5、2.0、2.5mmol/LMnCl2的DMEM培养液中培养24h,检测神经元内ROS和GSH含量、线粒体呼吸链复合物活性、细胞凋亡指数。结果显示,随着MnCl2浓度的增加,线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ均呈降低趋势,线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅴ先升高后降低,细胞内ROS含量增加,GSH含量呈降低趋势,鸡胚脑神经元细胞凋亡指数增加,出现凋亡的形态学变化。表明MnCl2能抑制线粒体复合物活性,引起氧化应激,诱导鸡胚脑神经元发生凋亡。     

纳米氧化锌对奶牛小肠上皮细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

为研究纳米氧化锌(nano-ZnO)对奶牛小肠上皮细胞(BIECs)增殖及凋亡的影响,本实验选取初生犊牛P3代十二指肠上皮细胞为试验对象,向培养基中添加0(对照)、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2、6.4、12.8μg/mL不同浓度的nano-ZnO培养12 h后,通过倒置显微镜、CCK-8法检测细胞的生长状态和增殖活性;微量法检测LDH漏出量;DAPI荧光染色结合Image J图像测定分析nano-ZnO对BIECs凋亡的影响;实时荧光定量PCR对细胞凋亡基因Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9、Bax、Bcl-2 mRNA的表达进行测定。结果显示,与对照组相比,nano-ZnO低剂量各组(0.2、0.4、0.8μg/m L)细胞生长状态良好,核型正常,增殖活性增加,凋亡率无明显差异(P0.05),LDH漏出量无差异(P0.05);高剂量各组(1.6、3.2、6.4、12.8μg/m L)细胞皱缩变圆,密度减小,细胞核致密浓染、裂解,细胞增殖活性降低(P0.05),凋亡率明显升高(P0.05),LDH漏出量明显增加(P0.05);实验组基因Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Bcl-2的相对表达量与对照组相比随着nano-ZnO浓度的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势,Caspase-9的表达量随着nano-ZnO浓度的增加先下降后升高再下降,Bax随着Nano-ZnO浓度的增加而下降(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:nano-ZnO低剂量组对BIECs的增殖有促进作用;高剂量组能够抑制BIECs增殖,促进细胞凋亡。     

大鲵蛙病毒诱导的鲤鱼上皮瘤细胞凋亡的研究

为研究大鲵蛙病毒(Chinese giant salam ander ranavirus,CGSRV)对细胞凋亡的影响,以CGSRV感染鲤鱼上皮瘤(EPC)细胞,分别于感染后第0、3、6、9、12、15小时收集细胞,用倒置显微镜和透射电镜观察感染的EPC细胞的形态学变化,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染与JC-1染色后用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率与线粒体膜电位(Δψm)崩解率。结果显示,EPC细胞在感染后第6小时出现细胞收缩变圆,脱落,漂浮于培养基中;电镜下,被感染的EPC细胞的细胞核出现典型的染色质边集呈月牙形和染色质浓缩形成凋亡小体的现象。流式细胞仪检测结果显示,感染后第3小时即出现凋亡率和线粒体膜电位崩解率显著上升,6 h后实验组各时间点凋亡率和线粒体膜电位崩解率都极显著地高于对照组(P0.01)。结果表明,CGSRV感染EPC细胞可通过线粒体途径诱导EPC细胞凋亡。     

线粒体钙超载在镉致PC12细胞凋亡中的作用

为探讨线粒体钙超载在镉(Cd)致PC12细胞凋亡中的作用,用不同浓度Cd(0、2.5、5、10μmol/L)培养液分别处理PC12细胞12 h,或用5μmol/L Cd和15μmol/L钌红(MCU抑制剂,RR)共处理PC12细胞12 h。通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率和线粒体钙离子水平变化,Western-blot检测Bcl-2、Bax、cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达水平。结果表明,PC12细胞凋亡率和线粒体钙水平随着染Cd浓度增加显著或极显著增强(P0.05或P0.01);RR能显著抑制Cd暴露引起的PC12细胞Caspase-3蛋白活化并促进Bcl-2/Bax蛋白比值升高(P0.05),显著抑制Cd暴露引起的PC12细胞凋亡率上升(P0.05),说明线粒体钙超载参与到镉暴露引起的PC12细胞凋亡过程中并具有一定的调控作用。     

钼致小鼠睾丸组织氧化损伤及对PI3K/AKT信号通路的影响

为探索钼致雄性小鼠的睾丸组织的氧化损伤及其对PI3K/AKT信号通路的影响,本试验选取4周龄清洁级雄性健康昆明系小鼠60只,随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组,分别在饮水中添加0、100、200、400 mg/L的钼,基础日粮相同,自由饮水,试验周期90 d。试验结束后剖杀并采集睾丸。比色法检测睾丸组织SOD、T-AOC、MDA、LDH活性或含量;RT-PCR和Western-blotting测定PI3K/AKT信号通路上PI3K、PTEN、AKT、Caspase-9、Bcl-2、Bax和Bad的m RNA和蛋白的表达情况。结果显示,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组SOD和T-AOC活性极显著下降(P0.01),Ⅱ组LDH活性显著下降(P0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ组LDH活性极显著上升(P0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组MDA含量极显著升高(P0.01)。与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组PI3K、AKT、Bcl-2、Bad和Bax的m RNA表达量显著升高(P0.05),Ⅱ组PTEN、Caspase-9的m RNA表达量显著下降(P0.05),Ⅲ组Caspase-9的m RNA表达量显著升高(P0.05);Ⅳ组PI3K、AKT、Caspase-9、Bcl-2、Bad和Bax的m RNA表达量显著下降(P0.05),PTEN的m RNA表达量显著升高(P0.05)。与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组PI3K、AKT、P-AKT、Caspase-9、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达量显著升高(P0.05),Ⅱ组PTEN蛋白表达量显著下降(P0.05);Ⅳ组PI3K、PTEN、AKT和Bax蛋白表达量显著升高(P0.05),Bcl-2和Bad蛋白表达量显著下降(P0.05)。本试验所设剂量钼均能导致小鼠睾丸组织氧化损伤,同时通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路上相关信号因子m RNA和蛋白表达对雄性小鼠生殖系统产生影响。     

镉对大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞线粒体氧化损伤及能量代谢的影响

为了研究镉对大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞线粒体氧化损伤及能量代谢的影响,以原代大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞为模型,用不同浓度的醋酸镉(0、5、10、20μmol/L)处理原代大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞24h后,流式细胞仪测定活性氧(ROS)水平,试剂盒测定线粒体中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,Western-blot法检测SDHA蛋白的表达。结果显示,与对照组相比,10或20μmol/L醋酸镉组中ROS水平、MDA含量极显著升高(P0.01),SOD、CAT、GSH-Px、SDH活性极显著下降(P0.01),SDHA蛋白表达水平明显降低(P0.05或P0.01)。结果表明,镉能引起大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞线粒体氧化损伤及能量代谢障碍,并且与镉的浓度呈明显的剂量-效应关系。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇对仔猪海马神经细胞的毒性作用

为了研究脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)对仔猪海马神经细胞的毒性作用,于体外培养仔猪海马神经细胞至对数生长期,以0、125、250、500、1 000和2 000 ng/m L不同质量浓度的DON对细胞进行染毒处理,应用倒置显微镜和透射电镜观察细胞的形态学变化;Hoechest 33258染色液对细胞核进行标记,观察细胞核的形态学变化;CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞的存活率、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)试剂盒检测LDH漏出率。结果显示,与对照组相比,处理组细胞发生了明显的形态学变化,随着DON质量浓度增加,细胞密度降低、空泡化、染色质浓缩聚集、产生凋亡小体;处理组细胞的存活率明显降低,具有剂量和时间依赖性。LDH漏出率随着DON质量浓度的增加而增加,与对照组相比,当质量浓度达到500 ng/m L以上时,差异极显著(P0.01)。试验表明,DON对仔猪海马神经细胞具有明显的毒性作用,能够诱导细胞损伤,发生凋亡。     

三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸联用对鸡肾损伤的研究

本研究旨在探讨三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸联用对鸡肾的损伤机理,为防制其对家禽泌尿器官的危害提供理论依据。将144只7日龄蛋雏鸡随机均分成3组,对照组饲喂基础饲料,低剂量组饲喂[(30mg三聚氰胺+10mg三聚氰酸)/kg]的饲料,高剂量组饲喂[(50mg三聚氰胺+16.7mg三聚氰酸)/kg]的饲料。分别在试验开始后第7、14、21、28、35、42天颈部脱臼处死对照组、试验组鸡群(每次每组8只),取肾组织,分别检测T-SOD活性和MDA含量、观察肾组织病理变化、检测细胞凋亡的情况以及凋亡因子Caspase-3的活性。结果显示,在试验开始后第42天,三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸联用导致高剂量组肾组织(与对照组相比)TSOD活性显著降低(P0.05)、MDA含量显著升高(P0.01);第42天高剂量组肾小管上皮细胞胞核崩解、淡染、消失;细胞核浓缩、凋亡明显;上皮细胞与基底膜分离,细胞脱落到管腔内;肾间质毛细血管扩张并伴有轻度充血;在试验开始后第42天试验组肾细胞凋亡数目与对照组相比明显增多,高剂量组Caspase-3活性(与对照组相比)显著增高(P0.01)。结果表明,三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸联用能引起肾脂质过氧化物程度增高,导致肾组织氧化损伤;从组织病理学方面来看,两者主要损伤肾小管结构,导致肾功能受损;三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸联合作用能诱导肾组织内Caspase-3的活性增高,进而引起凋亡细胞的数目增多。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.