表达鹅细小病毒VP3基因的重组腺病毒的构建及其免疫原性分析

为构建表达鹅细小病毒(GPV)VP3基因的重组腺病毒,并检测其对雏鹅的免疫效果,将GPV VP3基因克隆至腺病毒表达系统穿梭质粒,构建了重组穿梭质粒pacAd-VP3;将经PacⅠ酶切线性化的重组穿梭质粒与骨架质粒共转染HEK293AD细胞,得到重组腺病毒rAd-VP3。采用RT-PCR、Western-blot和间接免疫荧光试验鉴定GPV VP3基因在真核细胞中的表达,用rAd-VP3免疫1月龄雏鹅,检测血清抗GPV蛋白抗体水平。结果显示,重组腺病毒rAd-VP3能感染HEK293AD和GEF细胞并表达GPV VP3蛋白,增殖至第6代重组病毒的效价可达108.23 TCID50/0.1mL;rAd-VP3能诱导雏鹅产生抗GPV特异抗体,免疫后第28天血清中抗GPV VP3蛋白抗体仍维持较高水平。结果表明,rAd-VP3具有良好的免疫原性,可作为一种安全有效的病毒活载体疫苗用于鹅细小病毒病的免疫预防。     

鹅细小病毒VP3基因疫苗两种不同免疫方式对细胞免疫的影响

将构建的鹅细小病毒(GPV)VP3基因疫苗(pcDNA-GPV-VP3)转染鹅胚成纤维细胞(GEF),每隔12 h检测VP3蛋白的表达情况,同时以不同剂量分别通过基因枪轰击和肌肉注射免疫28日龄健康雏鹅,于免疫后第3、7、14、21、28、35、49、63、77和105 d采血,进行淋巴细胞增殖试验(MTT法)。结果,转染后第24 h即可在GEF中检测到GPV VP3蛋白,第60 h表达量达到高峰。试验组鹅外周血T淋巴细胞D490 nm值在免疫后第35 d达到最大。肌肉注射组和基因枪组免疫后第14~63 d、第7~63 d的D490 nm值分别与PBS对照组差异极显著;肌肉注射组及基因枪组免疫后第21~49 d的D490 nm值显著高于弱毒疫苗对照组;肌肉注射组及基因枪组免疫后第14~63 d的D490 nm值极显著高于空质粒对照组。表明,基因枪轰击和肌肉注射pcDNA-GPV-VP3均能诱导雏鹅产生良好的细胞免疫应答。     

鹅细小病毒YG株的鉴定及在器官中的分布

本研究从黑龙江省某养鹅场送检的小鹅瘟疑似病例中分离到一病原,采用鹅胚接种、PCR检测、IFA检测、病毒效价测定和动物致病性试验等方法对该病原进行鉴定。结果显示,所分离到的病原为鹅细小病毒(GPV),将其命名为YG株;YG株的TCID50为104.0/0.2mL;对YG株全基因组进行扩增和序列分析后发现,YG株与标准毒株B株的核苷酸同源性最高,高达98.3%;病理学观察显示,GPV对感染后的雏鹅具有明显的组织损伤,主要侵害易感雏鹅的消化系统;免疫组织化学法检测结果表明,抗原主要分布在雏鹅的小肠、肝、肾及脾中,其中小肠中的抗原含量最高。     

鹅细小病毒强毒PCR检测方法的建立

参照GenBank中登录的鹅细小病毒 (GPV)B株的全基因序列 ,针对GPV的VP3保守基因设计了 1对引物 ,建立了GPV的PCR检测方法。采用该方法检测GPV能够扩增出预期大小约 4 41bp的特异性片段 ,而对鸭瘟病毒 (DPV)、鹅源致病性大肠埃希氏菌 (E .coli)O8和O1、雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒 (NGVEV)呈阴性反应。该法检测GPV核酸的灵敏度可达 0 .4 7pg ;对GPV强毒皮下注射感染雏鹅各器官的检测结果表明 ,感染后 8h即可从心、肝病料中检出病毒DNA ,感染后 2 4h可从延髓、胸腺、胰腺、十二指肠、空肠、盲肠、腔上囊、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、血液、小脑、直肠、肌肉、粪便中检出GPVDNA ,感染 4 8h后可从骨髓中检出病毒DNA ,感染 312h后仍能从十二指肠、空肠、盲肠、心、肝、肾、粪便中检出病毒DNA。病毒分离阳性的可疑病料PCR检测为阳性 ,对临床送检病料的检测结果表明 ,PCR的敏感性显著高于病毒分离。     

抗鹅细小病毒卵黄IgG的制备及其间接ELISA检测方法的建立

采用水稀释-辛酸-硫酸铵法粗提与DEAE50纤维素层析相结合的方法从免疫鹅细小病毒(GPV)的鹅卵内提取鹅卵黄IgG,通过核酸蛋白检测仪和SDS-PAGE测定IgG的浓度和纯度后,制备兔抗鹅IgG酶标抗体;建立了针对GPV的间接ELISA抗体检测方法,确定其最佳工作条件,并对该ELISA的特异性及重复性进行检测;应用该间接ELISA检测了GPV VP3基因疫苗的免疫效果。结果显示,获得的纯化鹅卵黄IgG浓度为10mg/mL,抗体纯度达到94.5%,兔抗鹅IgG的血清琼脂扩散效价约为1∶32;经筛选确定该ELISA的最佳工作条件为:最适抗原包被浓度为20μg/mL,最适血清稀释度为1∶100,酶标抗体的最佳工作浓度为1∶3 000。用建立的间接ELISA检测禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒、传染性法氏囊炎病毒、鸭肝炎病毒、鸭瘟病毒的阳性血清均为阴性,表明该方法特异性强、重复性好。经临床初步应用,能检出GPV VP3基因疫苗产生的抗体,在肌肉注射100μg与200μg基因疫苗的鹅血清中,IgG均从第14天开始上升,并分别在第35、21天达到最大值。表明本试验制备的兔抗鹅IgG酶标抗体具有较好的应用价值。     

番鸭细小病毒与鹅细小病毒PCR鉴别诊断方法的建立

根据番鸭细小病毒(MDPV)和鹅细小病毒(GPV)基因组的非同源序列各设计了1对引物MDPVF1/R1和GPVF1/R1,建立了一种PCR方法,用该PCR方法分别对GPV、MDPV、鸭瘟病毒(DPV)、鸭肝炎病毒(DHV)、鸭呼肠孤病毒(DRV)、犬细小病毒(CPV)和猫泛白细胞减少症病毒(FPLV)的病毒培养物及其核酸进行扩增。结果,引物MDPVF1/R1仅特异性扩增出MDPV的900 bp核酸片段,引物GPVF1/R1仅特异性扩增出GPV的465 bp核酸片段。表明,建立的PCR方法可用于GPV和MDPV的鉴别诊断。     

鹅细小病毒胶体金免疫层析检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速、简便地检测鹅细小病毒(GPV)的方法,采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金,将其标记于抗GPV VP3蛋白单克隆抗体2D5上,在硝酸纤维素膜上喷涂抗GPV VP3蛋白单克隆抗体4A8和山羊抗小鼠IgG抗体作为检测线和质控线,制成检测GPV的胶体金免疫层析试纸条。结果显示,该试纸条检测GPV的最低TCID50为1×104.15/mL,用制备的试纸条仅检测GPV为阳性,而检测其他主要水禽病的病原结果均为阴性;同一批次和不同批次的试纸条对GPV阳性样品的检测结果均无差异。使用该试纸条对已知的80份粪便样品进行检测,阳性及阴性样品的检测符合率分别为96.49%和100%。结果表明,制备的试纸条具有良好的特异性、敏感性和重复性,为"小鹅瘟"的快速诊断提供了新的方法。     

鹅细小病毒野毒株VP3基因的原核表达及抗原性检测

根据发表的鹅细小病毒(GPV)基因序列设计合成了2对检测GPV的特异性引物,用其对疑似小鹅瘟的病料进行PCR检测,经序列比对后确定为GPV感染;利用引物Gs/Ga扩增获得的GPV野毒株VP3基因,测序后将VP3基因连接到原核表达载体pET-30a上,获得重组质粒pET-30a-VP3,将其转化感受态菌Rosetta(DE3)pLysS中,经IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE分析.结果显示,重组菌可表达出分子质量约为66 000 u的重组融合蛋白,表达的蛋白以包涵体形式存在于菌体中.表达产物经Ni2+亲和层析柱纯化,获得了纯度较高的目的蛋白.Western-blot分析结果显示,纯化的蛋白能与GPV阳性血清发生特异性反应,证实表达的蛋白具有较好的抗原性.     

鹅细小病毒和鸭瘟病毒复合PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank中的鹅细小病毒(GPV)和鸭瘟病毒(DPV)基因序列,分别设计合成了针对GPVVP3和DPV UL6基因片段的2对引物,以GPV-GZ1株鹅胚尿囊液和DPV-SD株鸭胚尿囊液的核酸提取物混合液作为模板,经优化反应条件,成功建立了检测GPV和DPV 2种病毒的复合PCR方法.特异性试验结果显示,该方法对GPV-GZ2株与DPV-SC株病毒核酸的扩增均获得550 bp和376 bp的2条特异性目的片段,而对鹅副黏病毒、鸭肝炎病毒、鸭源沙门菌、鸭源巴氏杆菌和鸭疫里默氏杆菌的核酸扩增结果均为阴性;敏感性试验结果显示,该方法对GPV核酸的最小检出量为1.66 Pg,对DPV核酸为0.166 Pg;对人工感染雏鹅的肝组织进行PCR扩增,结果可检测到相应的特异性病毒核酸片段.表明,建立的复合PCR方法具有特异性强、敏感性高、快速简便等特点,可用于GPV或/和DPV临床感染病例的联合检测与鉴别诊断.     

鹅细小病毒vp1基因的原核表达及抗原性分析

将鹅细小病毒(GPV)H1株vp1基因从pMD18T-vp1亚克隆至原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1的多克隆位点,构建了原核表达载体pGEX-6P-vp1,将其转化感受态细胞BL21(DE3)pLysS中,经IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE分析,结果获得了108ku的融合蛋白,该融合蛋白经亲和层析纯化并经Western-blot检测。结果表明,纯化的融合蛋白可与GPV阳性血清发生特异性反应,具有良好的抗原性。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.