应用Ion Torrent PGM^TM平台进行人mtDNA全基因组测序

目的应用Ion Torrent PGM^TM平台对人线粒体基因组全序列进行分析检测。方法采集39名辽宁汉族无关个体以及4个母系家系的14名相关个体样本,应用SequalPrep^TM Long PCR试剂盒进行扩增,应用Ion Shear^TM Plus Reagents试剂盒和Ion Plus Fragment Library试剂盒等构建文库,并在Ion Torrent PGM平台上进行线粒体基因组全序列测序。结果在39名无关个体共观察到39种单倍型,在396个位置观察到了397种碱基变异。无关个体中出现的变异位点数目为25~53个,平均每个个体出现36.2个碱基变异。4个母系家系中每个家系成员间具有完全相同的mtDNA单倍型,严格遵守母系遗传。结论采用本研究建立的人线粒体基因组全序列的测序检验法,可显著提高mtDNA的个体识别能力,在法庭科学领域中有较好的应用价值。     

应用Ion Torrent PGM?平台进行人mtDNA全基因组测序

目的应用Ion Torrent PGM?平台对人线粒体基因组全序列进行分析检测。方法采集39名辽宁汉族无关个体以及4个母系家系的14名相关个体样本,应用SequalPrepTMLong PCR试剂盒进行扩增,应用Ion ShearTMPlus Reagents试剂盒和Ion Plus Fragment Library试剂盒等构建文库,并在Ion Torrent PGM?平台上进行线粒体基因组全序列测序。结果在39名无关个体共观察到39种单倍型,在396个位置观察到了397种碱基变异。无关个体中出现的变异位点数目为25~53个,平均每个个体出现36.2个碱基变异。4个母系家系中每个家系成员间具有完全相同的mtDNA单倍型,严格遵守母系遗传。结论采用本研究建立的人线粒体基因组全序列的测序检验法,可显著提高mtDNA的个体识别能力,在法庭科学领域中有较好的应用价值。     

应用HID Ion GeneStudioTM S5测序系统探讨毛干样本线粒体DNA异质性

目的应用HID Ion GeneStudio^TM S5测序系统对毛干样本线粒体全基因组分型结果的异质性进行探讨。方法采集8名无关个体的口腔拭子、血液及同一个体不同部位毛干样本,使用Precision ID mtDNA Whole Genome Panel对线粒体全基因组进行扩增,应用HID Ion GeneStudio^TM S5测序系统对线粒体全基因组进行分析检测。结果2名个体的颞部毛干样本线粒体DNA出现异质性,其余6名无关个体的口腔拭子、血液及不同部位毛干样本的线粒体全基因组分型结果均一致。8名无关个体共观察到119个碱基变异,个体的变异位点数目分别为29、40、38、35、13、36、40和35。结论应用HID Ion GeneStudio^TM S5测序系统可全面了解序列多态性。     

基于二代测序的24个STR基因座序列多态性

目的对95名中国汉族无关个体的24个STR基因座序列多态性进行调查。方法采用Thermo Fisher公司25重早期测试试剂盒进行STR基因座复合扩增,应用HID-Ion AmpliSeq~(TM)文库试剂盒进行文库构建,使用Ion PGM~(TM)基因测序仪进行测序反应,对Ion Torrent Suite~(TM) v4.6软件显示的STR基因分型结果分析评估,使用PowerStats分析软件计算法庭科学参数,并与STR长度多态性的参数进行比较。结果 24个STR基因座共观察到252个不同重复序列的等位基因。其中,12个STR基因座具有相同长度的不同等位基因核心序列,其累计随机匹配概率为3.5×10~(-15),其累计非父排除率达0.999 998 2。序列多态与长度多态STR的累计随机匹配概率相差两个数量级。结论针对调查的中国汉族人群,本文24个序列多态STR基因座具有较好的个体识别能力,该数据为法医STR基因座序列多态性研究提供很好的参考。     

应用Ion Torrent PGM~(TM)平台检测中国汉族124个身份鉴定SNPs

目的应用Ion Torrent PGM~(TM)测序平台检测中国汉族群体124个身份鉴定SNPs(individual identification SNPs,IISNP)的多态性信息。方法采用Ion Ampliseq~(TM)Library试剂盒对中国汉族130个无关个体样本及2个家系共8个个体的124个SNPs(90个常染色体SNPs和34个Y染色体SNPs)进行复合扩增,在Ion Torrent PGM~(TM)测序平台上检测。结果中国汉族130个无关个体应得14 148个SNP分型,其中软件给出分型结果14 086个,正确14 085个(99.992 9%),分型偏倚1例(0.007 1%)。软件未报SNP分型62例,需人工校正分析。在90个常染色体SNPs中,MP值最高为0.817 3(rs740910),最低为0.348 0(rs2831700),CMP为6.8984×10~(-34);DP值最高为0.652 0(rs1355366),最低为0.182 7(rs727811),CDP为0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999999 999 999 999 310 2,高于22个STRs的CDP;PE值最高为0.278 1(rs1058083),最低为0.007 3(rs1024116),CPE为0.999 999 616 7,低于22个STRs的CPE。在34个Y-SNPs中,72个中国汉族男性无关个体共观察到8种单倍型。家系样本分型结果未发现突变,均符合遗传规律。结论 124个身份鉴定SNPs在中国汉族群体中具有良好的遗传多态性,是理想的个体识别遗传标记。Ion Torrent PGM~(TM)平台在法庭科学领域有较好的应用价值。     

人类线粒体DNA的异质型

研究中国人群中线粒体 D 环区不同组织间的差别,用 PCR-测序方法对53个无关个体的毛发与血液样本进行线粒体 DNA 高变区 HVⅠ进行测序分析,通过377测序仪检测,发现1例个体中血液与毛发样本线粒体 HV Ⅰ区15997～16401间存在序列差异。在16235碱基处,毛发样本表现为 T,血液样本为 C/T。结果显示中国人群同一个体不同组织存在线粒体序列差异。     

Ion Torrent PGM~(TM)系统检测孕妇血浆中胎儿游离DNA

目的探讨Ion Torrent PGMTM系统用于孕妇外周血血浆中胎儿游离DNA的Y-STR检测的可行性。方法采集8例孕晚期(38周)和8例孕中期(12周)的无关孕妇外周血血浆,提取胎儿游离DNA,对DYS390、DYS391、DYS393、DYS438、DYS437、DYS456、DYS635共7个基因座进行复合扩增,在Ion Torrent PGM~(TM)系统进行Y-STR测序分析和毛细管电泳分析,并将两者结果进行比较。结果在分娩男性胎儿的孕晚期及中期孕妇血浆中均检测到Y-STR片段,测序检测得出的基因座比毛细管电泳检测得出的多,且与分娩胎儿的Y-STR基因型相一致。结论 Ion Torrent PGMTM系统用于孕妇外周血血浆胎儿游离DNA的Y-STR检测,具有高灵敏度、高通量的特点,且有较好的法医学应用价值。     

mtDNA异质性在法医检验中的应用价值

<正> 在一个个体内,各种组织器官及其同一组织的各个线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)序列一致。如果一个个体表现为2种以上的mtDNA序列,则称为该个体mtDNA存在异质性(heteroplas—my)[1,2]。Gill在对疑为俄国沙皇尼古拉二世的遗骸进行mtDNA序列分析时,检测了740个碱基,在16169处发现mtDNA异质性;对其兄弟遗骸测序,     

法医学二代测序STR分型准确度与测序深度的关联性评估

目的利用实验数据对法医学二代测序STR分型测序深度与分型结果准确度的关联性进行评估。方法使用商业化基因组DNA制备单一来源和混合的DNA样本,以Thermo Fisher公司的25重早期测试试剂盒进行目的STR片段扩增,每种扩增产物分别使用4种不同的序列标签平行建库,并控制标记每一种序列标签的文库上机量依次占一张Ion 318芯片的1/4、1/8、1/16、1/32。经Ion PGMTM基因测序仪测序,以及Ion Torrent SuiteTM软件进行数据分析;同时对庞敬博等人发表的基于相同试剂盒和测序仪检测的95名中国汉族无关个体的6928条等位基因、影子峰和噪音序列进行测序深度统计分析,寻找测序深度与STR分型准确度的关联性。结果各基因座测序深度随文库上样量减少而呈明显下降趋势。对于单一来源样本,每张芯片上样不超过8个均一化文库可实现全部基因座的完整分型;对于1∶20比例的混合DNA,每张芯片上样不超过4个均一化文库时,未发现微量组分的等位基因丢失。人群数据测序深度统计显示,该体系基因座间存在不均衡性,有必要针对各基因座分别设定分析阈值参数。结论测序深度与法医学STR分型结果的准确性密切相关,各基因座最低测序深度与平均测序深度的比值可作为设定分析阈值的重要参考指标。本研究确定的单张芯片上样数量仅适用于本实验体系,但相关实验设计和方案可供其他实验体系开展类似工作参考。     

线粒体DNA异质性在法医遗传学中的研究进展及存在的问题探讨

1 概述 人类mtDNA 1981年在英国剑桥Sanger实验室首次完成全序列测定,这个最初测定的序列(基因库编码:M63933)作为对比的参考序列,通常被称为Anderson序列或剑桥序列[1].线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为环状DNA,有16569碱基对,含37个编码氧化磷酸化过程相关物质的基因,还有一个复制控制区称为D-环区.该区在个体间呈现多态性,可用于人类个体识别和亲子鉴定.D-环区包括三个高变区(hypervariable region,HV)目前已有人提出高变区Ⅳ的概念,但文献报道较少.无血缘关系个体中mtDNA的HVⅠ和HVⅡ区域变化率大约在1%～3%[2].     

人类mtDNA控制区异质性

目的观察mtDNA的点突变异质性和长度异质性。方法运用直接测序法对50名无关个体及16名母系家族成员的血液、口腔上皮细胞、头发的mtDNAHVI、HVII区序列进行分析,并对20例HVI区直接测序失败的无关个体进行克隆后测序分析。结果同一个体的三种检材样本及16名母系家族成员的序列一致,未见异质性存在;同一个体的不同克隆的C延伸区的长度有差异,存在长度异质性。但同一个体的血液和头发具有相似的长度变异类型,即长度异质性在组织间无差异。结论mtDNA碱基序列具有同质性及稳定性,适用于法医学检案。     

Heteroplasmy in hair: differences among hair and blood from the same individuals are still a matter of debate

The analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a useful tool in forensic cases when sample contents too little or degraded nuclear DNA to genotype by autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci, but it is especially useful when the only forensic evidence is a hair shaft. Several authors have related differences in mtDNA from different tissues within the same individual, with high frequency of heteroplasmic variants in hair, as also in some other tissues. Is still a matter of debate how the differences influence the interpretation forensic protocols. One difference between two samples supposed to be originated from the same individual are related to an inconclusive result, but depending on the tissue and the position of the difference it should have a different interpretation, based on mutation-rate heterogeneity of mtDNA. In order to investigate it differences in the mtDNA control region from hair shafts and blood in our population, sequences from the hypervariable regions 1 and 2 (HV1 and HV2) from 100 Brazilian unrelated individuals were compared. The frequency of point heteroplasmy observed in hair was 10.5% by sequencing. Our study confirms the results related by other authors that concluded that small differences within tissues should be interpreted with caution especially when analyzing hair samples.     

Sequencing strategy of mitochondrial HV1 and HV2 DNA with length heteroplasmy

We describe a method to obtain reliable mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences downstream of the homopolymeric stretches with length heteroplasmy in the sequencing direction. The method is based on the use of junction primers that bind to a part of the homopolymeric stretch and the first 2-4 bases downstream of the homopolymeric region. This junction primer method gave clear and unambiguous results using samples from 21 individuals with length heteroplasmy in the hypervariable regions HV1, HV2 or both. The method is of special value for forensic casework, because sequencing of both strands of an mtDNA region is preferable in order to reduce ambiguities in sequence determination.     

Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy among hairs from single individuals

A denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) assay was used to detect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence heteroplasmy in 160 hairs from each of three individuals. The HV1 and HV2 heteroplasmic positions were then identified by sequencing. In several hairs, the heteroplasmic position was not evident by sequencing and dHPLC separation of the homoduplex/heteroduplex species was carried out with subsequent reamplification and sequencing to identify the site. The overall detection frequency of sequence heteroplasmy in these hairs was 5.8% (28/480) with DGGE and 4.4% (21/280) with sequencing. Sequence heteroplasmy of hair was observed even when the reference blood sample of the individual was homoplasmic. The heteroplasmic positions were not necessarily observed at sites where high rates of substitution have been reported. In two hairs, a complete single base change from the reference blood sample was observed with sequencing, while the heteroplasmic condition at that site in the hair was observed using DGGE. The DGGE results in such samples would serve as an aid in considering the possibility of match significance. In a forensic case, this situation would lead to the possibility of a failure to exclude rather than to be inconclusive.     

Mitochondrial DNA control region polymorphism in the population of Alagoas state, north-eastern Brazil

The sequences of the two hypervariable (HV) segments of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region were determined in 167 randomly selected, unrelated individuals living in the state of Alagoas, north-eastern Brazil. One hundred and forty-five different haplotypes, associated with 139 variable positions, were determined. More than 95% of the mtDNA sequences could be allocated to specific mtDNA haplogroups according to the mutational motifs. Length heteroplasmy in the C-stretch HV1 and HV2 regions was observed in 22 and 11%, respectively, of the population sample. The genetic diversity was estimated to be 0.9975 and the probability of two random individuals presenting identical mtDNA haplotypes was 0.0084. The most frequent haplotype was shared by six individuals. All sequences showed high-quality values and phantom mutations were not detected. The diversity revealed in the mitochondrial control region indicates the importance of this locus for forensic casework and population studies within Alagoas, Brazil.     

Detection and quantification of the age-related point mutation A189G in the human mitochondrial DNA

Mutation analysis in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region is widely used in population genetic studies as well as in forensic medicine. Among the difficulties linked to the mtDNA analysis, one can find the detection of heteroplasmy, which can be inherited or somatic. Recently, age-related point mutation A189G was described in mtDNA and shown to accumulate with age in muscles. We carried out the detection of this 189 heteroplasmic point mutation using three technologies: automated DNA sequencing, Southern blot hybridization using a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe, and peptide nucleic acid (PNA)/real-time PCR combined method on different biological samples. Our results give additional information on the increase in mutation frequency with age in muscle tissue and revealed that the PNA/real-time PCR is a largely more sensitive method than DNA sequencing for heteroplasmy detection. These investigations could be of interest in the detection and interpretation of mtDNA heteroplasmy in anthropological and forensic studies.