鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫CDPK和鸡IFN-γ重组质粒的构建与体外表达

采用SOE-PCR技术将鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫CDPK抗原基因与鸡干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)基因用(GGGGS)315个疏水柔性氨基酸接头融合,扩增出IFN-γ-CDPK融合基因,将其克隆到pMAL-p2X载体上,构建了重组原核表达质粒pMAL-IFN-γ-CDPK,用IPTG诱导表达并纯化重组蛋白,经免疫印迹分析该蛋白的生物学活性。结果显示,成功构建了共表达IFN-γ-CDPK融合基因的原核表达载体,表达纯化了具有良好的免疫反应性的IFN-γ-CDPK融合蛋白,表达纯化的IFN-γ-CDPK融合蛋白能够和鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫甘肃株抗血清发生特异性结合,为进一步研制高效力的鸡球虫新型基因工程疫苗奠定了基础。     

地克珠利对柔嫩艾美耳球虫SAG4表达的影响

建立地克珠利抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染鸡动物模型,收集获得柔嫩艾美耳球虫第2代裂殖子,采用PCR扩增柔嫩艾美耳球虫第2代裂殖子SAG4基因不含N端信号肽的编码序列,构建p ET-28a-SAG4表达质粒,转化至BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,用IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白,镍亲和层析柱法纯化蛋白,通过免疫BALB/c小鼠制备SAG4抗血清。用Real-time PCR检测SAG4 m RNA的表达,用Western-blot和免疫荧光技术检测SAG4蛋白的表达情况。结果显示,p ET-28a-SAG4表达的重组蛋白为可溶性蛋白,地克珠利显著降低了柔嫩艾美耳球虫第2代裂殖子SAG4基因m RNA和蛋白的表达。这提示SAG4基因可能与地克珠利抗球虫作用相关,这将为地克珠利抗球虫作用机理的阐述提供理论依据。     

地克珠利对柔嫩艾美耳球虫丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸酶5表达的影响

建立地克珠利抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)感染鸡动物模型,收集获得E. tenella第2代裂殖子,通过PCR扩增E. tenella第2代裂殖子丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸酶5(serine/threonine protein phosphatase type 5,Et PP5)基因编码序列,构建pET-28a-Et PP5表达质粒,转化至BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,经IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白,镍亲和层析柱法纯化表达蛋白并免疫BABL/c小鼠制备Et PP5抗血清。采用免疫荧光和Western-blot技术检测第2代裂殖子Et PP5蛋白的表达。结果显示,30℃时,用1 mmol/L的IPTG诱导pET-28a-Et PP5表达的融合蛋白大多以包涵体形式存在。Et PP5主要分布在E. tenella第2代裂殖子的细胞质中,细胞核也有少量分布。经地克珠利处理后,E. tenella第2代裂殖子Et PP5蛋白表达降低了47.65%(P0.01)。提示,地克珠利可能通过作用Et PP5发挥抗球虫作用,这为地克珠利抗球虫作用机理的阐述提供了理论依据。     

毒害艾美耳球虫配子体Engam59基因的克隆表达及其表达产物的免疫原性分析

提取毒害艾美耳球虫配子体总RNA,应用RT-PCR扩增得到Engam59基因,对其克隆测序并进行序列分析。结果表明,Engam59基因全长为1 473 bp,为一个完整的开放阅读框,编码490个氨基酸,具有1个酪氨酸-丝氨酸富集区和1个脯氨酸-甘氨酸富集区,与柔嫩艾美耳球虫Etgam59基因的同源性为93.4%。选择该基因编码的第211~432位氨基酸间的肽段进行截短表达,获得的重组蛋白大小在27.69 ku左右,主要以包涵体的形式存在。Western-blot分析结果显示,该重组蛋白能被小鼠抗重组蛋白多克隆抗体和毒害艾美耳球虫病鸡康复血清识别,表明该重组蛋白具有很好的免疫原性。本研究结果为进一步探析毒害艾美耳球虫配子体蛋白的功能与研制鸡球虫病基因工程疫苗奠定了基础。     

堆形艾美球虫广东株3-1E基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

以重组质粒pGEM-3-1E为模板,扩增了序列两端分别含有EcoRⅠ和XbaⅠ酶切位点的堆形艾美球虫(Eimeria acervulina)广东株3-1E基因(长度为529 bp),将3-1E基因克隆至巴斯德毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPICZαC中,构建了酵母表达质粒pPICZαC-3-1E。转化毕赤酵母X-33得到含有3-1E基因的重组酵母,甲醇诱导产生的目的蛋白经SDS-PAGE分析和免疫印迹检测,表明毕赤酵母成功表达了3-1E基因。     

鸡毒霉形体H3株TM-1基因与鸡白细胞介素2基因串联子在大肠杆菌中的共表达

运用DNA重组技术将鸡白细胞介素2基因和鸡毒霉形体H3株TM-1基因进行串联,插入到pET-30a( )质粒的EcoRⅠ和HindⅢ多克隆位点间,经PCR鉴定、双酶切鉴定和序列测定,表明已成功构建了含鸡毒霉形体H3株TM-1基因和鸡白细胞介素2基因的融合基因,将含有此融合基因的重组质粒命名为pET-30a( )-TM-1-IL-2。将此重组质粒转化E.coliBL21(DE3)菌株。经IPTG 37℃诱导表达4 h后,SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,此融合基因得到了表达,所表达出的融合蛋白的分子质量约为43 ku,主要以包涵体形式存在。表达产物在尿素存在下经超声波处理,获得了纯化的融合蛋白。这为进一步研究鸡白细胞介素2及鸡毒霉形体的生物学活性奠定了基础。     

鸡堆形艾美球虫3-1E基因真核表达质粒的构建及其抗球虫免疫保护作用

应用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术从堆形艾美球虫SH株子孢子中扩增3-1E基因片段,将其克隆入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)中,构建重组表达质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-3-1E.质粒纯化后体外转染293T细胞,通过间接免疫荧光技术和免疫组织化学技术检测3-1E蛋白在转染细胞中的表达情况.将构建的重组质粒以及空载体质粒分别于14、21日龄分2次经腿部肌肉注射免疫SPF雏鸡,28日龄除非免疫非感染对照组外各组攻击性感染5×104个堆形艾美球虫孢子化卵囊,观察真核表达质粒对球虫感染鸡的免疫保护作用并探讨其免疫保护机理.结果显示,与载体对照组相比,质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-3-1E 2次免疫后可显著提高脾CD8 T淋巴细胞亚型数量,并具有一定的抗球虫免疫保护作用,可显著减少每克粪便的卵囊排出量,降低十二指肠病变记分,减少增重下降等.     

柔嫩艾美球虫杨凌株表面抗原SAG10基因的克隆与原核表达

从柔嫩艾美球虫第二代裂殖子总RNA中扩增EtSAG10基因,与pGEM-T Easy载体连接后转化大肠杆菌(E.coli)DH5α,筛选阳性克隆,扩增不含N端信号肽的编码序列,分别插入表达载体pET-32a( )和pMAL-c2X,转化至E.coliRosetta,以IPTG诱导表达。结果表明,pET-32a( )-EtSAG10在E.coliRosetta中的表达产物约占菌体总蛋白的43%,融合蛋白分子质量约为47 ku,以包涵体形式存在;而pMAL-c2X-EtSAG10在E.coliRosetta中表达的重组蛋白为可溶性,表达产物约占菌体总蛋白的35%,融合蛋白分子质量约为69 ku。以表达的可溶性EtSAG10重组蛋白100μg/只肌肉注射免疫雏鸡,攻虫后以盲肠病变计分、盲肠卵囊数(OPG)、相对增重率和抗球虫指数(ACI)评价,免疫组相对盲肠卵囊产量为47.7%,抗球虫指数由86.79提高至152.13。提示,重组表达的EtSAG10可诱导雏鸡产生一定的抗球虫免疫保护。     

新城疫病毒F48E9株V基因的表达及其抗血清的制备

采用PCR方法从鸡源新城疫病毒(NDV)强毒F48E9株P基因重组质粒中扩增出了V 基因全长cDNA,并引进相应的突变位点,将其克隆到pMD18-T载体,然后亚克隆到原核表达载体 pET-30c上,重组质粒经酶切、PCR鉴定及测序,筛选出阳性重组质粒,并命名为pET-30c-V。将 pET-30c-V转化大肠埃希氏菌BL21(DE3),用1 mmol／L IPTG 37℃过夜诱导表达,SDS-PAGE 及Western-blotting分析结果表明,所表达的NDV V重组蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,分子质量约28 ku,与理论值大小相符。将包涵体用8 mol／L脲变性,经Ni-NTA柱纯化,透析复性,得到纯化的V蛋白。用复性后的V蛋白免疫21日龄SPF鸡(300 μg／只),成功制备了抗鸡NDV V蛋白的抗血清。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫AMA1蛋白多克隆抗体的制备及在乳酸乳球菌中的表达

将柔嫩艾美耳球虫子孢子顶膜抗原AMA1胞外域基因片段(EtAMA1)克隆入原核表达载体pET-30a(+)中,构建重组质粒pET-30a(+)-EtAMA1。质粒经鉴定正确后转化入大肠杆菌中筛选阳性菌,阳性菌经IPTG诱导后采用Western-blot检测目的蛋白的表达情况。用表达的重组蛋白免疫新西兰白兔制备多克隆抗体。应用间接ELISA测定抗体效价,并采用Western-blot检测抗体特异性。将EtAMA1克隆入乳酸菌表达载体pTX8048中构建阳性质粒pTX8048-EtAMA1,质粒电转化入宿主菌乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)NZ9000中筛选阳性菌pTX8048-EtAMA1-L.lactis NZ9000。阳性菌经Nisin诱导后采用Western-blot检测目的蛋白的表达情况。结果表明,EtAMA1在大肠杆菌中以包涵体形式表达。多克隆抗体的效价为218。Western-blot检测证实,制备的抗体可与子孢子反应。重组菌pTX8048-EtAMA1-L.lactis NZ9000经Nisin诱导后,采用Western-blot检测到约61ku的目的蛋白。上述研究结果为基于EtAMA1的鸡球虫病乳酸菌口服疫苗的研制提供了重要参考。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.