以番鸭呼肠孤病毒σC表达蛋白为抗原的ELISA检测方法的建立

将鸭呼肠孤病毒小外壳σC蛋白编码基因克隆于原核表达载体pET32a上,经EcoRⅠ和SacⅠ双酶切鉴定及序列分析,获得了重组质粒pET32a-σC,转化DH5α大肠埃希氏菌感受态细胞后,经SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting分析,融合蛋白能够与番鸭呼肠孤病毒感染康复鸭血清发生特异反应;以0.15 mmol/L IPTG诱导,5 h后融合蛋白σC表达量可达高峰,分子质量为50ku;融合蛋白纯化后被用作包被抗原,建立了检测鸭血清中呼肠孤病毒抗体的间接ELISA,经对检测条件优化,最佳包被浓度为5μg/mL,标准阳性血清的最适稀释倍数为1∶40。用该方法对50份鸭血清样品进行了检测,与琼脂扩散抗体检测法相比,ELISA具有良好的特异性和敏感性。     

口蹄疫病毒VP1基因的原核表达及免疫原性检测

将口蹄疫病毒VP1基因克隆至原核表达载体 pBAD/TOPO中 ,经鉴定后得到了重组质粒 pBAD VP1。将此重组质粒转化到受体菌TOP10中 ,分别以不同浓度的诱导剂L 阿拉伯醛糖进行诱导 ,并在不同诱导时间进行采样 ,经处理后做SDS PAGE和蛋白质印迹分析。结果 ,以终浓度为 0 .0 2 g/L的L 阿拉伯醛糖进行诱导 ,4h后表达可达到高峰 ,表达产物大小约为 4 0ku。软件扫描结果显示 ,VP1融合蛋白的表达量占细菌总蛋白的 2 6 .3% ,能与抗FMDV抗体发生特异性反应 ,融合蛋白以包涵体和可溶形式存在。抽提融合蛋白的包涵体 ,经过洗涤后制成油乳剂疫苗 ,经皮下注射免疫豚鼠 ,用乳鼠中和试验测定豚鼠血清中和指数 ,并用口蹄疫病毒对豚鼠进行攻毒。结果表明 ,用此融合蛋白的包涵体免疫豚鼠能诱导产生中和抗体 ,并对病毒的攻击提供免疫保护。     

柔嫩艾美球虫间接ELISA检测方法的建立

将已构建的原核表达载体pET Mzp5 7在大肠埃希氏菌中诱导表达 ,以融合重组蛋白为包被抗原 ,以HRP标记的鼠抗鸡IgG为二抗 ,建立了检测柔嫩艾美球虫抗体的间接ELISA方法。经筛选 ,该方法的最佳反应条件是 :λMzp5 7重组蛋白最佳包被量为 1.0 μg/孔 ,10 0mL/L胎牛血清封闭 ,二抗的最佳工作浓度为 1∶16 0 ,用正常大肠埃希氏菌裂解上清液稀释待检血清。结果表明 ,建立的间接ELISA方法可用于监测柔嫩艾美球虫抗体 ,且具有快速、简便、成本低等优点     

禽流感野毒感染禽与疫苗免疫禽NS1-ELISA鉴别方法的建立

分别构建了重组禽流感病毒H9N2亚型、H5N1亚型NS1基因原核表达菌株,IPTG诱导表达,表达的蛋白用Ni -NTA Agarose纯化,Western-blotting检测两种蛋白的活性,并进行交叉反应检测;以H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1蛋白为包被抗原,建立了间接ELISA检测方法,并优化各项反应条件.高效表达了H9N2和H5N1亚型NS1蛋白,融合蛋白的分子质量均为30 ku左右;Western-blotting检测均有特异性条带,并且存在明显的交叉反应.选择重组的H5N1亚型NS1蛋白建立了间接ELISA检测方法,最佳抗原包被浓度为1.325μg/mL,血清稀释度为1400.结果表明,以H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1蛋白为包被抗原的ELISA检测方法可区分禽流感病毒感染禽与疫苗免疫禽.     

犬和猫狂犬病病毒抗体SPA-ELISA检测方法的建立

采用RT-PCR方法扩增狂犬病病毒(RV)FluryLEP毒株N基因,将该片段克隆至原核表达载体pET-32a(+)中,测序验证后将阳性重组质粒转化至宿主菌E.coliBL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导表达,进行SDS-PAGE和Western-blot分析。结果显示,RVN蛋白以包涵体形式表达,大小约为70ku,且该重组N蛋白具有良好的反应原性。用纯化的重组N蛋白作为诊断抗原建立了检测犬、猫RV抗体的间接ELISA方法,通过优化反应条件,确定抗原的最佳包被浓度为6μg/mL,血清最佳稀释度为1:200,SPA-HRP的最佳稀释度为1:2000。用该间接ELISA方法与以狂犬病病毒作为诊断抗原的商品化ELISA试剂盒分别对30份临床血清样品进行检测,结果两者的符合率为96.67%。表明基于重组N蛋白的间接ELISA方法可用于检测犬、猫RV抗体水平。     

基于ORF3蛋白的PCV2间接ELISA诊断方法的建立

ORF3蛋白是猪圆环病毒2型(porcine circovirus type,2PCV2)的一个重要的非结构蛋白。根据GenBank数据库中PCV2的ORF3基因序列设计引物,以PCV2基因组为模板进行PCR扩增,并构建重组表达质粒。将重组质粒转染至BL21感受态细胞,进行最佳诱导条件的选择,采用Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化表达产物。以纯化后的重组ORF3蛋白作为酶标包被抗原,优化反应条件,建立PCV2间接ELISA(indirect ELISA,iELISA)诊断方法。结果显示,重组质粒经PCR鉴定、酶切鉴定和测序鉴定构建成功。重组蛋白表达的最佳诱导条件为37℃、8 h、1 mmol/LIPTG。Western-blot结果表明,该重组蛋白具有较好的免疫原性。Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化结果表明,280 mmol/L咪唑为最佳洗脱浓度。iELISA的最佳包被抗原质量浓度为0.03 mg/m L,待检血清最佳稀释度为1∶100,酶标抗体最佳工作浓度为1∶4 000。批内和批间试验结果表明,该方法具有较好的重复性。此iELISA与PCR检测方法具有良好的一致性。结果表明,基于ORF3蛋白建立的PCV2间接ELISA诊断方法,可以为临床上rCap蛋白基因工程疫苗免疫猪场进行鉴别诊断。     

山羊关节炎-脑炎病毒抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立检测山羊关节炎-脑炎病毒(CAEV)血清抗体的间接ELISA方法,采用PCR方法扩增山羊关节炎-脑炎病毒CA蛋白编码基因序列,然后克隆至原核表达载体pET-28a(+),诱导含有重组载体pET-28a(+)-CA的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)表达重组蛋白rHis-CA。采用Ni柱亲和层析方法纯化重组蛋白rHisCA,并以纯化的rHis-CA为包被抗原建立检测山羊关节炎-脑炎血清抗体的间接ELISA方法。结果表明重组蛋白rHis-CA以包涵体形式表达,具有良好的反应原性。所建立的rHis-CA间接ELISA方法的最适抗原包被质量浓度和血清稀释度分别为0.4 μg/mL和1∶100,血清阴阳性的D_(450)临界值为0.45。该方法仅与山羊关节炎-脑炎病毒阳性血清发生特异性反应,不与山羊痘病毒、蓝舌病病毒和口蹄疫病毒阳性血清发生交叉反应。对来自陕西地区的48份山羊血清进行CAEV抗体检测,rHis-CA ELISA和琼脂凝胶免疫扩散试验的阳性检出率分别为35.41%(17/48)和31.25%(15/48)。对来自天津地区2个山羊场的240份山羊血清样本进行CAEV抗体检测,rHis-CA ELISA方法和琼脂凝胶免疫扩散试验的检测结果均为阴性。     

尼帕病毒截短G蛋白的原核表达及间接ELISA检测方法的建立

以截短的尼帕病毒（NiV）G基因原核表达产物为抗原建立检测尼帕病毒抗体的间接ELISA检测方法。对编码尼帕病毒G蛋白基因的部分序列进行扩增,将扩增获得的目的片段克隆至原核表达载体pET-30a（+）,并转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。菌落PCR鉴定后,在最佳诱导条件下表达目的蛋白。用Ni-NTA柱纯化截短的G蛋白,并进行SDS-PAGE和Western-blot鉴定。以纯化的蛋白为抗原建立尼帕病毒抗体间接ELISA检测方法,并对该方法的特异性、灵敏性、稳定性进行验证。结果显示：成功构建重组质粒pET-30a(+)-NiV-G;表达的尼帕病毒截短G蛋白分子质量为50 ku,与预期值相符;截短的G蛋白能被His-tag抗体、抗尼帕病毒G蛋白粗提IgG识别。以该蛋白为包被抗原建立的间接ELISA检测方法检测已知阳性血清尼帕病毒抗体效价为1︰20 480,裂谷热病毒、西尼罗病毒及克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒阳性马血清的检测结果均为阴性,且该方法批内、批间试验变异系数均小于10%。结果表明,成功构建了重组质粒pET-30a(+)-NiV-G,并诱导表达尼帕病毒截短G蛋白。以该蛋白建立的尼帕病毒抗体...     

口疮病毒抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立及初步应用

为建立检测口疮病毒(orf virus,ORFV)抗体的间接ELISA方法,原核表达口疮病毒B2L蛋白与6×组氨酸标签的重组蛋白;对纯化复性后的重组B2L蛋白进行Western-blot鉴定;用复性后的重组B2L蛋白作为包被抗原,优化反应条件,建立检测ORFV抗体的间接ELISA,并进行特异性、灵敏度和重复性评价,最后应用所建立的间接ELISA对来自四川部分地区的384份山羊血清样品进行检测。结果显示,成功原核表达出42 ku的重组ORFV B2L蛋白。Western-blot结果表明,重组蛋白具有良好的抗原反应性。间接ELISA最佳反应条件为:包被抗原质量浓度为5μg/m L,1∶100稀释血清作用2 h,酶标二抗以1∶2000稀释作用30 min,TMB显色时间为15 min。在该优化条件下,D450≥0.31为阳性。该方法具有良好的特异性、灵敏度和重复性。临床样品的间接ELISA检测结果显示,总阳性率为66.67%(256/384),其中未接种过疫苗的羊只抗体阳性率为34.81%(55/158)。上述结果表明,建立的间接ELISA可用于ORFV抗体的检测,四川部分地区山羊场羊只感染野毒的概率较大,疫苗免疫效果不佳。     

非洲猪瘟病毒p72蛋白N末端的原核表达及间接ELISA检测方法的建立

根据非洲猪瘟病毒Pig/HLJ/2018株p72-N末端基因的核苷酸序列,合成p72-N末端648 bp基因序列,连入pET-28a(+)载体进行诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting鉴定后,用重组蛋白p72-N末端作为包被抗原,建立检测猪血清中非洲猪瘟抗体的间接ELISA方法。结果显示,非洲猪瘟病毒p72-N末端648 bp基因片段成功克隆到pET-28a(+)载体中,经诱导表达获得约27 ku的重组蛋白,Western-blotting结果显示,重组蛋白与非洲猪瘟抗体阳性血清具有良好的反应原性。建立的ELISA方法结果显示,重组蛋白p72-N末端的最佳包被浓度为2.5μg/mL,待检血清最佳稀释度为1:100,该方法特异性好,仅与非洲猪瘟抗体阳性猪血清发生特异性反应,敏感度可达1:1 600;批内重复性和批间重复性变异系数均小于10%,与西班牙INGENASA公司非洲猪瘟抗体阻断ELISA检测试剂盒符合率可达93.75%。结果表明,获得的重组蛋白p72-N末端具有良好的反应原性和免疫原性,建立的非洲猪瘟抗体间接ELISA方法具有良好的特异性、敏感性和重复性。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.