福氏志贺菌2a多药耐药基因marA的克隆及其原核表达

根据福氏志贺菌2a多药耐药基因marA的序列,设计并合成了1对特异性引物,在引物的5'和3'端分别加入含有BamHⅠ和SalⅠ限制性酶切位点的序列,以福氏志贺菌2a菌株基因组DNA为模板扩增了marA基因序列.将PCR产物与pMD18-T载体连接,转化到大肠杆菌DH5α.鉴定成功获得目的片段后,经BamHⅠ+ SalⅠ双酶切并与载体pET-30a连接,构建原核表达质粒pET-30a-marA,并将其转化宿主菌BL21(DE3)pLys,用IPTG诱导其表达.SDS-PAGE分析表明,重组载体pET-30a-marA可成功地在大肠杆菌中表达MarA蛋白.Western-blotting检测证明,该蛋白能与志贺菌阳性血清发生特异性反应.     

鸡毒霉形体TM-1基因原核表达载体的构建及表达

对从含有鸡毒霉形体H3株TM 1基因的大肠埃希氏菌DH5α中提取的质粒,进行EcoRⅠ和SalⅠ双酶切,获得了大约为786bp的目的片段。将此片段与经EcoRⅠ和SalⅠ双酶切的线性原核表达载体pET 30a 1连接,转化宿主菌BL21(DE3),筛选阳性克隆。提取质粒,经酶切、PCR扩增和测序分析确证其插入正确,从而构建成了重组表达载体。阳性克隆用IPTG诱导表达,表达产物经SDS PAGE电泳分析,证明其分子质量约为29ku;Western blotting分析表明,该蛋白可被鸡毒霉形体阳性血清识别,具有生物学活性。     

亚洲Ⅰ型口蹄疫病毒VP1基因真核表达载体的构建及其免疫活性的初步分析

提取亚洲Ⅰ型口蹄疫病毒总RNA,用特异性引物通过RTPCR反应获得了约750bp的核酸片段,将其与pGEMTEasy载体连接,并转化大肠埃希氏菌JM109。重组质粒经PCR、酶切鉴定及测序,证明所克隆的片段含有完整的VP1基因;将重组质粒与表达载体pcDNA3.1( )分别用BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ双酶切后连接,构建成重组表达质粒,转化宿主菌DH5α,筛选阳性克隆。测序结果证明,目的基因正确插入到表达载体中,命名为pcDNAV;用同样方法将IL18基因插入pcDNAV中,命名为pcDNAVI。用pcDNAVI免疫豚鼠,2周后加强免疫1次,每周用ELISA检测豚鼠血清中的抗体水平。结果表明,pcDNAVI可引发机体产生体液免疫。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌体内表达基因的筛选

利用体内诱导抗原技术对胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)体内表达的基因进行了初步筛选.将收集到的5份感染了APP1型的猪血清混合,分别用体外培养的APP1和大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)的全菌及全菌裂解物进行吸附,用ELISA方法检测吸附效果,经吸附后血清D450nm分别由原来的0.927和0.239降低为0.196和0.078.同时,将APP1基因组DNA以Bsp143 Ⅰ进行酶切,回收500～2000 bp的片段,与pET30a/b/c载体连接,构建了APP1基因组质粒表达文库,库容量(CFU)为2.0×105.用吸附后的血清通过菌落原位免疫杂交筛选该基因组表达文库,从3 000个菌落中获得了12个阳性克隆.     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌apxⅠA基因的克隆及其原核表达

参照GenBank上登录的猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清5 型菌株(AF363361)的apxⅠA基因序列设计了1对特异性引物,用PCR法扩增apxⅠA基因,获得了3 069 bp的片段,将其克隆到pMD 18 T载体,经酶切、PCR鉴定和序列分析,表明克隆是成功的。再将长为1 149 bp的apxⅠA基因的部分片段(编码ApxⅠ的N 端的片段)插入到原核表达载体pET 28(a)中,构建了重组表达质粒pET apxⅠA,转化大肠埃希氏菌JM109(DE3),在IPTG 诱导下获得了高效表达,经SDS PAGE检测,证实表达产物大小约为41 ku。     

环形泰勒虫裂殖体表面蛋白基因高免疫原性区片段的克隆及其表达

根据环形泰勒虫TaA12 72 1株裂殖体表面抗原 (TaSP)基因的序列设计了 1对引物 ,用PCR扩增出该基因长为 393bp的高免疫原性区片段 (SBxp)。将扩增产物连接到 pGEM TEasy载体上 ,转化入大肠埃希氏菌JM 10 9中进行克隆。随后将重组质粒 pGEM SBxp和表达载体 pGEX 4T 1分别以BamHⅠ、XhoⅠ酶切后 ,将酶切的目的片段SBxp亚克隆到原核表达载体中构建了重组表达载体 pGEX 4T 1 SBxp ,并将其转化到BL2 1宿主菌中。提取重组质粒经BamHⅠ、XhoⅠ酶切、PCR鉴定和测序确证后 ,阳性克隆用IPTG诱导表达。收集不同时间的菌液进行SDS PAGE电泳和Westernblotting检测。结果 ,SBxp基因在大肠埃希氏菌中成功表达 ,其表达产物为分子质量 4 3ku的融合蛋白 ,该产物能被牛环形泰勒虫阳性血清所识别。     

枯草芽孢杆菌pgsA与猪传染性胃肠炎病毒Sa融合基因的原核表达

为利用原核表达方法使猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)Sa蛋白表达在细菌的外表面,对克隆载体pMD18-T-pgsA进行KpnⅠ+BamHⅠ双酶切,将所得片段插入表达载体pET-32a(+)中,构建了重组质粒pET-pgsA,对克隆载体pMD18-T-Sa和重组质粒pET-pgsA分别进行BamHⅠ+HindⅢ双酶切,将Sa片段插入pET-pgsA中,构建重组质粒pET-pgsA-Sa。重组质粒pET-pgsA-Sa经PCR和序列鉴定为阳性后,转化入宿主菌大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,用IPTG进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明,在70ku处出现了与预期大小相符的目的条带。Western-blot试验证实,融合基因pgsA-Sa获得了正确表达,具有良好的反应原性。间接免疫荧光试验证实融合蛋白在大肠杆菌表面获得了表达。结果表明,成功实现了TGEV Sa蛋白在细菌外表面的正确表达,初步鉴定其具有良好的反应原性。本研究为跨膜表达体系的建立和新型口服基因工程疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型gB基因的原核表达及产物的抗原性分析

采用PCR方法,以牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型基因组DNA为模板扩增gB基因,克隆至pGEM-T载体。将以克隆质粒pGEM-T-gB为模板扩增的gBⅠ、gBⅡ和gBⅢ基因片段分别连接至原核表达载体pET32a。获得的重组质粒分别转化感受态细胞BL21(DE3),在IPTG诱导下表达。经SDS-PAGE鉴定,gBⅠ、gBⅡ和gBⅢ基因片段在大肠埃希氏菌BL21(DE3)中以融合蛋白形式获得了表达。以磁化组氨酸蛋白纯化系统对融合蛋白纯化后,Western-blotting和ELISA分析结果表明,这些融合蛋白均与BHV-1标准阳性血清反应,可作为抗原用于牛传染性鼻气管炎ELISA检测方法的建立。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌毒素ⅠBD基因特异性片段的克隆及表达

以胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)血清1型标准菌株基因组为模板,用PCR扩增ApxⅠBD基因的特异性片段;对PCR产物纯化回收后与载体pMD 18-T进行连接、转化,经酶切和序列分析鉴定后亚克隆到原核表达载体pET28a中,构建重组表达质粒pETⅠBD;转入大肠埃希氏菌BL21中,以IPTG诱导表达,进行SDS-PAGE电泳。结果,从APP中克隆的ApxⅠBD DNA序列与已发表序列的同源性为100%,长1 447 bp,编码482个氨基酸,所表达的融合蛋白相对分子质量约54ku,与预期的大小相符。结果表明,含有ApxⅠBD基因特异性片段的重组表达载体pETⅠBD已成功构建。     

赤羽病病毒核衣壳蛋白基因的表达纯化及活性鉴定

为获得赤羽病病毒(Akabane virus,AKAV)核衣壳蛋白重组抗原,经RT-PCR扩增了OBE-1株的S节段,将其插入到pMD 18-T载体,然后用带有酶切位点的引物从该重组载体亚克隆出表达核衣壳蛋白的N基因,用BamHⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切后与同样处理的表达载体pET-28a( )进行连接,转化感受态细胞BL21(DE3)。将筛选出的阳性克隆进行测序、IPTG诱导表达和融合蛋白纯化及活性鉴定。结果表明,N基因含有1个全长702 bp的ORF,编码233个氨基酸,通过SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting分析,证实重组菌株可高效表达有免疫活性的分子质量约27 ku的可溶性融合蛋白,用薄层扫描仪分析,其最高表达量占可溶性菌体蛋白总量的58.5%。工程菌经超声波裂解高速离心后,上清液在ProBondTMPurification System(含Ni2 )天然状态下纯化,可获得高纯度的融合蛋白。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.